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THE  EITLIOHTEITED  DESPOTISM  OP  THE  EIGHTEENTH  CENTURY 
CH/J^LES  III  III  SPAIN. 


THESIS 
PRESENTED  TO  THE  PACUIiTY  OF   ARTS  AND  SCIENCES 
CORNELL  UNIVERSITY 
FOR  THE  DEGREE  OF 

BACHELOR  OF  ARTS 
BY 


HEl-IRY  SCHOEIiLBIOPF 


ITHACA,    N.    Y. 
1902. 


CHAPTER    I.  PREPARATIOII  ?'0R   CrOVRRI":i.^;!TT 


M11731 


ii 


BIBLICCfRAPHY, 


COITTENTS 


Page 
iil 


CHAPTER   II.  NARRATIVE   0?  HIS  REIGH 


14 


CHATTER    III.  Ar^MIlTISTRATION   AJTD  LEGISLATION 


27 


CHAPTER    IV.  INDUSTRIES   AND   AXrRICULTURE. 


43 


CHAPTER  V.        PUBLIC  WORKS 


60 


CHAPTER  VI.  FINAITCE   AITD   TA.XATION 


69 


CHAJ'TER  VII.  COIUIERCE   AND    COLONIES 


84 


CHAPTER  VIII.     EDUCATIONAL  RE?ORNS  A'^-^  ONApiTIES 


96 


CHAPTER  IX.       THE  JESUITS  AND  THE  INQUISITION 


11^ 


CHAPTER  X.  PERSONAL   CHARACTER   07   CHAPLES    III 


130 


i 


;« 


lit 


riBLIOGRAPJ-TY. 

Becattini,  Abbe  Franeesoo .   Storia  del  regno  di  Carlo  III  di 

Borbone,  Re  di  Spagna.   Venice  ;  1790.  Contains  a 

good  account  of  Charles'  rule  in  Italy.  Cited  as 
Becattini. 

Bourgoing,  Jean  Francois.   Tableau  de  l*Espagne  moderne . 

4th  edition.   Paris  :  1806.    3  vols.    An  excellent 
account  of  the  conditions  in  Spain  during  and  after 
Charles*  reign.   Cited  as  Bourg. 

Carayon,  P.  Auguste.   Charles  III  et  les  je suites  c.e  ses 

etats.   Paris  ;  1866.   An  exceedingly  bitter  denuncia* 
tion  of  the  expulsion  of  the  Jesuits,  by  one  of  their 
number.   Cited  as  Carayon. 

Clarke,  The  F.ev .  Edward.   Letters  concerning  the  Spanish  na- 
tion.  London  :  1763.   Written  by  chaplain  of  Lord 
Bristol's  embassy  from  1760-61.    Interesting  general 
account  of  conditions  in  Spain  at  that  time. 

Colmeiro  Manuel.   Historia  de  la  Bconomica  politica  en  Espana 
Vol.  III.   Madrid  :  1866.   Contains  some  matter 


i^ 


dealing  with  the  econo.^ic  conditions  of  the  time.   Of 
no  especial  importance. 

Colletta,  General  Pietro.    The  Kingdom  of  Naples,  1754-1825. 
Translated  by  Susan  Horner.   London  :  1858.   The  best 
authority  for  Charles*  rule  in  Naples. 

Coxe,  Filliam.   I.Iemoirs  of  the  Kings  of  Spain  of  the  House  of 
Bourbon.    2nd  edition.    5  volumes.   London  :  1815. 
Excellent  nari^ative  account  of  this  reign.   Pifth 
volume  contains  Statement  of  Florida  Blanca  and  a  sta- 
tistical account  of  the  army  and  navy. 

Dalrymple,  TIajor  Filliam.  Travels  through  Spain  in  1774. 
London  :  1777.  A  rather  prejudiced  account  of  the 
conditions  in  Spain.   Not  of  much  value. 

Danvila  y  Collado,  Manuel.   Reinado  de  Carlos  III,  published 
under  the  direction  of  Canovas  del  Castillo.   Madrid  : 
1893.    6  volumes.    A  complete  account  of  this  reign, 
v/ith  nearly  evelry  decree  and  edict  of  importance  either 
quoted  or  referred  to.    Covers  practically  everything 
contained  in  the  other  v.-orks  of  this  period.   Cited  as 
D.  y  C. 


VI 


Diercks,  Dr.  Gustav.    Gesohiohte  J^paniens  von  der  frflhesten 

Zeiten  bis  zur  Cregenwalrt.    2  volu7!ies.   Perlin  :  1895, 
Vol.  II  contains  an  excellent  account  of  the  reign  of 
Charles  III.   Best  short  narrative  I  have  seen. 

Ferrer  del  Fio,  Antonio.   Kistoria  del  reinado  de  Carlos  III. 
4  volumes.   1856.   Moderately  useful,  but  not  always 
reliable . 

Lafuente,  D.  Modesto.   Historia  general  Espana.   Madrid  : 

1869.    15  voliimes.   Vols.  X  and  ZI  deal  with  reign  of 
Charles  III.   Mainly  narrative. 

Muriel,  D.    Andres.   Translation  of  Coxe's  Bourbon  Kings,  with 
excellent  additional  chapters  on  the  naterial  improve- 
ment due  to  Charles.   Paris  :  1827. 

Gobierno  del  Senor  Fey  Don  Carlos  by  sane  author. 
T^adrid  :  1839.    Contains  "Instructions"  for  Junta  at 
time  of  its  establishment.    Quite  useful. 

Tov^-nshend,  Joseph.    A.  journey  through  Spain  in  the  years  1786 
and  1787.    3  volumes.    2nd  edition.    London  :  1792. 

An  excellent  account  of  agricultural,  commercial  and 
industrial  conditions  of  those  times. 


vl 


White,  Joseph  Blanco.   Pseud.,  Don  Leucedio  Doblado .   Letters 
from  Spain.   London  :  1822.   Contains  a  very  good 
accoimt  of  the  abuses  of  the  edAicational  system. 
Cited  as  Dohlado. 


W3  e  p  i  t  u  e<!   a  t  f,  u  it.  > .  i  u  ud   S?>€i  n  i  f •  "  t'  «i  1 1  ^^rn 


CHAPTER    I    . 

tnfi      1!:  ^^    Of 

PREPARA.TIOIT  Ti'OR   GOVRRITI  lENT . 

leer-  +-. h ^  '.1  e  C *r»**'i^   >.■  f ' ' '  * 

The  influence  of  Elizabeth  Parnese  on  the  career  of 
her  son  Charles  can  easily  be  traced  through  all  the  period  of 
his  Italian  rule.   He^  v/arlike  spirit  impressed  itself  on  her 
son^s  character  and  this  accounts  for  his  somewhat  inconsistent 
attitude  in  later  years  when,  as  King  of  Spain,  he  turned 
aside  from  the  path  of  reform  and  plunged  into  disastrous  wars 
against'  the  greatest  sea  power  of  his  time,  only  to  gratify 
a  desire  for  mi  lit  airy  glory  or  to  uphold  a  family  tradition. 
His  Italian  dominions  v/ere  won  by  the  sword  and  had  therefore 
to  be  defended  ;  but  Spain's  salvation  lay  in  peace  and  the 

regeneration  of  its  people,  who  had  been  riained  by  wars  and 

the  victorv  o  ^r \    0 

conquest. 

Charles  of  Bourbon,  as  he  was  known  in  his  Italian 

dominions,  was  born  in  the  year  1716,  being  the  first-born 

r  *■ .-.  ■■  • 
of  Philip's   second  marriage  v/ith  Elizabeth  Parnese.        His 

mother,  who  was  intensely  ambitious  for  her  own  sons,  in- 
trigued and  plotted  to  obtain  for  them  independent   kingdoms. 

•-.riiards 
She  succeeded  in  obtaining  for  Charles  the  ducal  crowns  of 

Tuscany  and  Parma  and  when  the  War  of  the  Polish  Succession 
began  in  1735,  Elizabeth  seized  this  pretext  to  invade  Austrian 
dominions  and' to  obtain  Naples  for  her  elder  son.    Charles 


.  noi:*- 1 


.y<\'-i^ 


.nt^ 


-riifirt   n$sd  bp. 


a-^ 


■iX'xes 


nii  i 


■31 


sane** 


was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  combined  Spanish  and  Italian^^^ 
army,  though  under  the  direction  of  the  Count  de  Montemar.-r- 

In  this  contest  for  the  crowns  af  Maples  and  Sicily, 
the  imperial  troops  were  [generally  worsted  and  on  June  15th  of 
't"h'e'  year  1734  the  Infant  Cherles  published  the  decree  of 
Philip  V,  whereby  the  latter  ceded  his  "ancient  and  newly  re- 
covered rights  to  the  Sicilies,  united  into  one  independent 

kln'gfom,  to  his  son  Charles,  born  of  his  happy  nuptials  vfith  --■: •''•- 

1 
"Elizabeth  Parnese."   The  new  king  caused  himself  to  be  pro- 
claimed, Charles,  by  the  grace  of  God,  King  of  the  Two  Sicilies 
and  Jerusalem,  Infant  of  Spain,  Duke  o"  "Parma,  Piacenza  and  -t 
Castro,  and  heredetary  Grand  Prince  of  Tuscan^/.   He  also  is- 
sued an  edict,  summoning  all  the  barond  of  the  kingdom  to 
'sisrear  allegiance'  to  the  government,  within  a  given  time,  threat- 
ening defaiflters  with  punishjnent  i.  "'But  the  two  kingdoms  for 
which  Charles  had  been  striving  had  not  yet  been  won,  though   , 
the  victory  of  Bitorito  by  Montemar,  on  May  26,  1734,  had  . 
caused  the  Austrians  to  abandon  all  hope  of  regaining  Naples. 
Various  fortresses  surrendered  to  the  Spaniards  and  by  the 
Vattle  of 'Parrik'  in  Italy  waf^  ^'IHost  totally  destroyed  so  that 
Charles  could  now  turn  his  attention  to  SicilJ^,.  .   For  its 
conquest  Charles  sent  over  a  vSpanish  army  of  fourteen  thousand 
'men  under  the  command  of  the  Duke  de  ''ontemar.    The  Spaniards 
Vere  v/ell  received  by  the  Sicilian  peoples  and  after  hearing 

'l.   Colletta,  Vol.  I,  p.  43. 


rteilec^T  LniaqS 


;3V/ 


xO  rl^dX    en; 


:i  »r'T 


TB'^f?; 


r*oV       «>'"''■♦' 


V-Stttq" 


OO  .1 


the  news  of  the  "Einpire's  losses  in  Naples,  Lombardy  and  Oer- 
many,  they  submitted  to  an  inevitable  fate,  and  the  dominion  ^ 
of  Charles  was  immediately  universally  established.    Charles 
was  officially  crowned  at  Palermo  on  June  3,  1735,  and  acoora^qv. 
panied  with  all  the  ceremonies  and  grandeur  of  former  coro-  -  ,g 
nations,  he  received  the  homage  and  oath  of  fealty  from  the 
people.    The  feasting  and  distributing  of  presents  was  more 
lavish  than  it  had  ever  been  before  and  it  was  thus  that  Charles 
of  Bourbon,  even  at  the  beginning  of  his  reign,  endeared  him-  ,. 
self  to  his  Neapolitan  subjects.         *  n';,,rTpr-;'  "^♦^^i.m 
i'aif.n     The  conditions  of  the  kingdom  6f  the  Two  Sicilies  at 
the  time  of  Charles*  accession  is  best  described  in  the  words 
of  the  Italian  author,  Golletta.   He  says  :  "At  the  time  of  the 
arrival  of  King  Charles  of  Bourbon,  the  Apostolic  See  clained 
supremacy  over  kings  and  kingdoms,  as  arrogantly  as  in  the 
times  of  Crregory  VII,  but  as  its  moral  influence  had  diminished, 
this  was  only  supported  by  the  number  of  ecclesiastics  and  by 
their  inordinate  wealth.   The  temporal  power  of  the  Chi^rch  was 
as  strong  as  ever  ;  religious  faith  as  great  or  greater  than 
formerly,  but  faith  in  the  ministers  of  religion  and  the  pontiff 
weakened  ;  the  feudal  sF.stem  entire,  but  the  feudal  system 
contemptible  in  the  eyes  of  the  people  ;  there  was  no  army  and 
the  civil  administration  was  fraudulent  and  full  of  errors  .^. 
the  finances  were  exhausted,  poor  at  the  present  moment,  and 

1,   Colletta,  Vol.  I,  p.  47. 


X 

-mojj£-   .Dili?    tCc  •  no   Of  .xjiiio  a^v/ 

9di  mot^   ^c*JBe1:  "^o  rft^o    f^hb   Tjrrao/i  erf?    firvteu^  t3noi:tBn 

snow.  ai<\u  «.?n9as'                                           'jhs  ^fiid'afc-;  .     •  . 

Jf^rfO   ^Bfi^t    gjyrd:'    ins                        lOtdd  s^»d  "£€>▼»  bi»;  SitvBl 

-tnirr  b5-.*tB9r.n9    ^r^nien  ?.  tr'  Jo  Hrttnrrt??ocf  6ir(:t   :?J3   fte'/B  ,ao^i?.rorT  to 

u-   2ot:?afjie?^I«Ju9  lo  ' 

nail':    ';{jiaftaa  .lu^fi'Q'i;^  f'.^"  i:-i4i  ,feijiui§'  <  sb 

;    3-i©TT9  to   liift  j^nfs   >nt»lr  9«w  uoi 


.1 


with  ^he  prospeot  of  becoming  still  poorer  ;  the  codes  of  law 
were  confused,  and  the  tribunals  filled  with  a  vast  assemblage 
of  intrtgiil'ftg'and  corrupt  lav/yers  ;  though  the  Neapolitans  - 
were  slaves  to  many  prejudices,  they  were  opposed  to  the  fallen 
government  and  desirous;  of  better.   Therefore,  necessity,  the 
opinions"  and' defelres  of  the  people,  a  hew  dynasty,  and  the  •  - 
interests  of  the  new  king,  as  v.^ell  as  the  genius  of  the  age, 
all  invited  reforms."  ^ 

'"'        The  above  summary  furnishes  an  excellent  *  idea  of  the 
conditions  existing  at  the  commencement  of  Charles*  Italian 
reign  and  vill  help  to  give  the  reader  a  just  appreciation  of 
the  great  difficulties  he  and  his  ministers  overcame  in  their 
efforts  to  inaugurate  needed  reforms.  enc, 

«rroi:     Charles*  first  act  of  s6vereign  power  was  the  ap- 
pointment of  Tanucci  as  Ilinister  of  justice  and  it  was  said  '   ' 
that  this  wise  choice  was  made  because  on  one  occasion,  when 
a  Spanish  soldier  had  committed  a  crime  and  had  sought  refuge 
in  a  church,  Tanucci,  who  v/as  then  a  professor  at  Pisa,  sup- 
ported the  royal  authority  against  the  claims  of  the  Tuscan 
clergy. 2      '-^^^  '  "    in^^-'^eTv 

Tanvicci,  who  had  had  an  excellent  legal  training, 
was  the  man  best  fitted  for  the  undertaking  of  instituting 
reforms  in  the  newly  ac  luired  kingdom.   The  chief  disorders 
of  the  State  were  due  to  the  defects  in  the  codes  and  tribu- 


1.  Colletta,  Vol,  I,  p.  28. 

2.  Beccatini,  Vol.  II,  p.  1(?51. 


I'l  -^  »:.•'  r  ffiff<  ^  i  p  «.»      4  • 

Its  It  ^J 


<\B   as 


r    •j5«?iXnpEff/>  "tc 


f  o  r«<  r-  r»< 


O  r,  i«<f  /-> 


*Va».       Ro  •*   f  tr 


n&XI' 


■;.:  '  ■"•f  -' 


'ff  rtsfn   «ff-:^    ri^'w 


'•IfeW    ^* 


.Ic'^I 


.V    ,h; 


nals,   but  owing   to   the   sj^'Stem  of  absolutism  by  which   law;s   were 
tift   it   wtto    t'i    ''^%9  reB'c    j>  -■-  ^-'- ■    ^ '"'-" 

made   in  forms   of  decrees   and  pragmatics,    instead  of  drawing 

1 

up  a  regular  Code  no  regular  system  v/as  adopted.    Colletta 

says  :  "The  civil  jurisprudence  underwent  no  change.   .Altera- 

tions  were  made  in  the  cri^ninal  lav/s,  bu"*"  •  dictated  f:>r  special 

occasions,  and  in  a  spirit  of  indignation  aroused  by  the  fre-^ 

quency  or  barbarity  of  crimes.   A  due  proportion  between  the 

act  and  the  punishment  was  not  preserved,  so  that  an  equitable 

and  judicious  scale  of  punishment  v/as  wanting.    Trials  for 

civil  causes  were  slightly  imp.roy^edy:  but  the  discussion  was 

always  confused,  and  it  wax  necessary  for  the  solution  of 

doubtful  points  to  refer  to  the  authority  of  the  Sovereign  ; 

while  all  the  arbitrary  acts  of  the  Viceriagal  Crovernment,  the 

appointments  of  Ministri  Aggiunti  and  rimedii  legalii  were 

continued.    The  supreme  Council  of  State  was  abolished,  while 

the  other  tribunals  remained  ^s  before,  because  the  king  haxi  , 

promised  that  they  shouls  not  be  changed.   The  system  of 

trial  for  criminal  offences  was  in  no-  way  improved,  while  the 

Inquisitorial  system,  the  Scivani,  tsrture,  paid  proofs,  ar- 
--t  CO'-  •   J  ■.r.if^c; 

bitrarir  sentences  and  the  interference  of  the  prince 

2 
still  continued."    These  facts  vs  given  by  the  Italian  au- 
thor seem  quite  accurate  for  ev^n  as  great  a  worshipper  of 

of    vnarl.or'    cif>.v>i  \>?    ^^^iii^y^^: 

o 
Charles  III  es   Danvila  can  only  say  this  much  for  Charles' 

a 

reforms  in  legislation  :  "The  penal  system  was  about  the  same 

••••>.^«>  —  —  —  -•  —  —  -.>.••••._  —  _  —  ••—      • 

i^ally  re-:, iS'HrrjQ    i-*"-  -'^  *' 

1.  Colle'ta,   Vol.    I,    p.    52. 

2.  Ibid,   Vol.    I,    52. 

3.  D.    y   C,    Vol.    I,    p.    142. 


ij'-lVf/      av/iiJ.      i;J 


t&Ifiri 


■  ■of) 


-j'lsc-i.'i        .9: 


'    :    ii^i-^-a 


•:i  f  f  01 B   n  ■■ :  i  V  E  -T  Ti  x  hr ' 


'ii'.O  JC> 


9l  .  i>e   tl»evn&aeio 


J      rTr>X?>f9VO' 


""'••',  {      •'X)Jfci     ,-ir»i         f  J.I'' 


ainT0l:8T 


•-•  » 


as  it  was  in  the  rest  of  "Europe.   Torture,  although  hot  pro- 
scribed by  the  law  of  1731,  was  not  amplified  and  v/hen  it  was 
abolished  in  1789  it  existed  in  the  Whole  of  Europe  with  the 
exception  of  England.    The  judldial  dual  disappeared  before 
it  did  in  France,  and  the  judiciary  colleges,  and  the  Supreme 

Tribunal  of  revision  were  founded  in  ITaples."   The  mitigation 

cr*-.  . 

of  the  la  s  in  Naples  v/as  undoubtedly  retarded  by  the  criminal 

tendencies  of  the  people  ;  for  it  had  been  found  necessary  be- 

cause  of  the  frequency  of  murders  with  the  aid  of  poisonsi,*  to 

establish  a  Junta  of  Poisons  '^o  try  such  cases. 

i 

The  reforms  instituted  for  the  'development  of  trade 
and  industries  were  of  the  most  enlightened  and  beneficial 
nature.   Charles  made  peace  with  the  Ottoman  Empire  by  means 
of  which  his  commerce  was  free  from' the  attacks  of  the  Barbary 
pirates  ;  he  concluded  treaties  of  commerce  and  navigation 
with  Sweden,  Denmark  and  Holland,  while  renewing  the  old  ones 

with  ^'^rance,  England  and  Spain.   He  appointed  consuls,  wherev- 

he       ^v  all-j^r^  '-in:/  pr«j        ^o  iate-      ^.'  -'v  >hf  ■r.-»Avi-.is 
er  he  thought  that  there  might  be  openings  for  trade  and  drew 

up  a  code  for  their  jurisdiction.   He  also  appointed  a  commer- 
cial tribunal  which  decided  all  questions  of  commerce.    A 
sanitary  commission  and  bankruptcy  regulations  were'  other  fruits 
of  Charles*  desire  for  the  welfare  of  his  people.   Colletta, 
says  :  "Had  those  legislative  enactments,  which  now  exist  in  a 
variety  of  ^instructions  and  pragmatic  sanctions,  been  meth- 
odically  registered  in  one  book,  we  should  have  a  full  and  «om- 

plete  coinmercial  code,  and  mi<-^ht  have  boasted  of  having  been 
i,  Vol.  I, 


-0*Tq    tort 


sm9"ic  f^'- 


lqijli 


riexiode 


8*x©w  fioislvei  !<;  imii/diiT 


»  ;-■■  7.  o  ;,'  ^  ■ 


oi  '#en.o?,l"0€f  lo    hts  s*rf^   n-'-iw 


.  ■^.  ''•iR'--  J     ^O'fR 


Jfe  i  J :  ■  ^  n  8  cf   tjfus   h&  :.  Inm   ?  s  c 


v^STb  rjiic 


oslr. 


s  f?  -'  '  '':>.r  J  oft        ,  e i  <f o e-cf  s  i  '-^  t 

toy    'jHS    liul    e    BVbH    ^ii.fOftB    ©w    fjfac' 


ytB 


injsB 


f 


1 

half  a  oentury  in  advance  cf  the  other  states  of  Europe."    A 
naval  college  v/as  built  and  a  body  of  pilots  was  formed.   With 
the  same  desire  to  increase  commerce,  Charles  allowed  the  Jews, 
mho   had  been  banished  by  Charles  V,  to  reenter  his  kingdom  and 
gave  them  all  the  privileges  of  citizenship.    In  consequence 
of  these  regulations,  the  commerce  grev  and  foreign  ships  :- 
crowded  the  Neapolitan  ports,   though  the  mercantile  system  of 
economy,  with  a '.1  its  fallacies,  having  been  adopted  by  ri, grant- 
Charles,  the  good  effect  of  some  of  his  measures  was  counter- 
acted by  the  stringent  rules  adopted  to  prevent  the  exportation 
of  money*i  trivial  offenc«^s    ^'^    -;  leaiascical  state  havinji 
bet?n  aefi  Charles  married  Amalia  Dalburga,  daughter  of  Freder- 
ick Augustus  of  Poland,  in  the  year  1738  and  in  commemoration 
of  the  event  he  founded  the  order  of  San  Januarius,  which  was 
said  to  have  ftad  statutes  more  worthy  of  a  congi*egation  of 
monks  than  an  order  of  knighthood.      *  ♦^r.l>^!'.n«l 
oalldd  '-■     In  spite  of  the  religious  nature  of  Charles,  however, 
he  did  not  allow  any  prejudices  to  interfere  with  the  reforms 
of  ecclesiastical  matters  in  his  kingdom.   The  quarrel  t-ith 
the  papacy  which  began  during  the  war  «gainst  Austria  was 
eagerly  pressed.   By  promises  and  threats  Charles  persuaded- 
Clement  to  read  the  Bull  of  Investitut^e  by  which  he  proclaimed 
the  king  as  Charles  VII,  a  name  which  was  never   adopted. 
In  1739  Charles  proposed  a  concordat  to  the  Pope  ;  but  Clement 
died  shortly  afterwards,  leaving  this  new  demand  to  the   care 
o^,M/«r... '-^^^^-f   T,.  r.-  -jietto:-  .-_,,--  -   -    .-   -   -   -   -   -  -  -  - 

1.   Colletta,  Vol.  I,  p.  53. 


aasailvi*?; 


Sri    bfid    Oifw 


\jcf   beiqofef?  na 


•  H"n 


---      •vr,'^-a-- 


;«?i-.-c,4. 


r-.ci  r'.i  •  t  i-p -"  ■"     •  ■  cj  r  T  C4  rr 'I   t>.-f.r- 


fjr:u''{' 


Ti?/^t5    yCVi    rT 


of  his  successor,  Benedict  XIV.   The  new  concordat  was  finally 
gran^.ed  in  1741  and  gave  to  Charles  the  right  to  subject  the 
ancient  possessions  of  the  Church  to  a  tax  :of  one  half  thard 
amount  paid  by  the  laity,  and  all  later  acquisitions  were  to 
pay  the  whole.   The  census  of  the  state  Y/as  "-o  separate  the 
lay  property,  which  had  either  been  intentionally  or  by  mis-d 
taJke  confounded  with  the  patrimony  of  the  clergy.    The  number 
of  the  franchises  was  reduced  and  the  permanent  exemption, grant- 
ed to  privileged  persons,  revoked.    The  right  of  asylum  was 
limited  to  the  churches,  and  even  then  only  in  the  case  ofin«d 
slight  and  trivial  offences.   The  ecclesiastical  state  having 
been  defined,  and  personal  immunities  reduced,  the  right  of 
episcopal  jurisdiction  was  circumscribed,  the  secular  juris- 
diction proportionablg  extended,  and  in  order  to  limit  the ^d 
number  of  priests, the  difficulties  of  ordination  and  the  dis- 
cipline of  the  clergy  were  increased.   A  tribunal  v/as  formed 
called  the  Misto,  because  composed  of  both  ecclesiastical  and 
lay  judges,  to  decide  those  disputes  arising  from  the  Concor-n 
dat.   With' the  Concordat  as  a  basis,  Charles  checked  and,  in 
some  instances,  destroyed  the  preponderant  influence  of  the 
clergy  and,  in  order  to  ascertain  the  taxable  property  belong- 
ing to  the  clergy,  he  took  a  census  which,  .though  deficient^-ds 
because  of  fraud,  was  a  step  toward  equity  in  the  levying  of 
taxes.    sTir.dii  wns  miilt  far   tne         ^o*^  it«xfts 

"Elizabeth  Farnese,  desiring  to  obtain  a  kingdom  or 
sovereignty  for  her   second  Son,  Don  Philip,  encouraged  her 


[linn tX  #Bw  $B Irto (MOi^ 


'^  f '..  - 


.  \9o   srfT         .  ©1( 


'^       .>  I',  --X    i        :    iJ 


.  Q 


t-»ci  1  o  r 


©bio  ni   hna    ,fe9i>ne-*x.9  ijJriRnc  jif) 

,r-+    r,  r..   noii"enxbto    to   ae '^ '■'■•' r"''^  Arir»ttr^ 

^ns    iB  J£rf8RlX8<^i  OJH     rfC^Odt©     b^fiOqfWOU     '^PfJBO^<^     tO^P.t^^     ©i^"*     fSflllBJ 


lo  niobjniJl   b  nifi^c 


ifjl'iiiJ»h 


,    }'  A  V  ft  ♦ 


reri   be^ijiyjojns    fqiIlrf<T  ftoC    efioa   feii^dse  tsrf  fol  v;fnsl©"«:9Voe 


9 


husbadd,  Philip  V,  to  assert  his  claims  to  the  throne  of  Tus-.: 
cany  and  when  the  Emperor,  Chailes  VI,  died  in  1740  ,  the 
Spanish  rulers  thought  that  their  opportunities  had  come  and 
invaded  Italy  wit^i  a  large  army.   Charles  of  Bourbon  sent  a 
Neapolitan  army  of  twelve  thousand  men  to  aid  the  Spaniards, 
but  upon  the  threat  of  the  English  Commodore  Martin  to  bombard 
Naples  unless  they  remained  neutral  he  withdrew  his  troops. 
After  the  Spaniards  had  been  this  weakened,  the  Austrians  at- 
tempted to  reconquer  Naples,  but  after  many  minotr  skirmishes 
the  Austrian  army  under  Lobkowitz  was  defeated  by  the  combined 
array  of  Spaniards  and  Feapolitans  and  Charles  was  again  able 
to  turn  his  attention  ^o  the  arts  of  peace  and  to  the  reforms 
which  the  vy-ar  had  interrupted  .1  UffV-   -'•  ^•'-1vnv:,i  *  jr  ?•  aa-^ 
r  Various  monuments  and  public  works  were  completed 

during  this  period,  the  most  noted  of  which  were  the  Mole, 
the  Strada  Marinell^  and  the  Strada  Merzzellian.   Tie  also 
planned  ^o  build  a  magnificent  villa  near  the  city  of  Copo-di- 
Monte,  but  gave  up  the  undertaking  begause  of  the  subterranean 
grottoes  over  which  it  was  to  be  built.   A  magnificen  "ihpater 
designed  by  ITedrano  was  another  one  of  Charles*  undertakings 
and  was  said  to  have  been  the  most  beautiful  in  Europe  at  that 
time.    Charles  also  ori  ered  the  construction  of  several  roads 
and  bridges,  notably  the  one  across  the  Volturna  near  Venafro. 
The  regit  studii  v/as  built  for  the  poor  of  bdth  sexes  and 
served  as  a  place  of  refuge  for  thousands  of  destitute  indi- 
viduals.  He  built  a  magnificent  castle  near  the  city  of 


f^fyiBtuBq?   0iii   htM  ot  ttimi  -/^wl   Jo   vi^rtB  nK-^tionf.- 

?tBrf;^.  i^b  sqoPTJiaf  ni  Jifllti.sf                  "^-^  r,^.,.r  ©v^^rf  q^    bisa  spir  fins 

abffcrr  I©*t9V&a  to  iipDx:*a«i^6ttc  oaift  asJiBiiO        .  <>nil  * 

bne   ar3xea   rfttdrf  to  •sooq   ^'•''  -' '  ^    n^-«f-'=    iijjsn  ©ri? 

It)  ^iO' «i(i  is4Kpf  «i#8B»  i^nau.  .    *Iii/d  oH        .altodblw 


10 

1 1 


Caserta  and  placed  there  an  equestrian  statue  of  himself.   To 

water  the  gardens  around  this  palace  Charles  huilt  an  aqueduct 

twentv-seven  ipiles  long,  crossing  the  mountains  of  Tifative 

and  the  three  wide  valleys,  and  flowing  in  canals  cut  in  the 
P^oi'le   ttno  t':u  w      vj  tfto  iaiag. 

rocks  or  carried  over  high  and  massive  bridges.   Colletta 

inter 

says  :  "If  the  inscriptions  on  the  stones  and  the  memory  of 
war  did  not  tell  a  different  tale,  this  work,  from  its  gradd- 

^t6U      I,       its      f'tlVageci.  '•'   iu     TImhI     tO;-.;;       v,s>-^     6i 

eur  and  bold  conception,  might  he   attributed  to  the  Roman 
perioa  . " 

The  most  renowned  of  Charles  of  Bourbon's  achieve- 

Olifist^lla,     t':«?    i-  .h"'S    eeineo     ' 

mente  were  the  excavations  which  he  began  at  Pompeii  and  Her- 
culaneum.    An  academy  v/as  founded  for  the  antiquities  found 
in  the  buried  cities.   The  colleges  and  Umlversities  were 
reformed  in  several  respects,  though  the  ecclesiastical  semi- 
naries were  left  under  the  control  of  the  clergy.   Though 
Charles  tried  hard  to  promote  learning  and  the  arts  in  his 
kingdom,  the  opposition  of  the  clergy  prevented/-his  reforms 
from  being  general.   The  fondness  which  Charles  had  for  tfee 
Chase  led  him  to  enact  laws  against  poaching  v/hich  were  too 
severe  ;  he  instituted  lotteries  and  lieenced  gaming,  though 
he  abolished  it  later.   He  proscribed  the  society  of  free 


masons  ^t  ^he  instigation  of  France  and  drove  out  the  J< 

Sk'.iU      i  Ti   C-  fck  >  Wet.-  r k' .L  i- vi '^^ '■  <»  'i  ''  V  ^:,ti :  ^3  i  .'■■  u  ;   "  •'■■ei«'  ^'JTt!  #t*^  1;^  tr* 


ews 
though  he  had  invited  them  into  his  kingdom  seven  years  ear- 


r.e 


lier.   /This  last  step  was  due  to  the  enmity  which  the  people 

•'Mi.',     ij  n(j      HI    'it 


1.      Colletta,   Vol.    I,    p.    86. 


01 


o'  '  Qim  tml' 


!  O  - ' 


8^001 


'ifcW 


T9jnoi>   ftlorf   f>rte  tfire 


r 


s-^-:*   101.  filled  aelifi/fO  sioidv  i^^&mhrj-'^    ^^"^ 
—fu©   BtBe"^  no^na  fBofe^yriiH  »irf  q:' 


o  r  "Y  (i  n 


a«   mtrf  fSfSl    Ba^r  15 
'  '''rip-  t  JOffF  *^f^ 


la 


displayed  against  that  race,  as  well  as  the  intrigues  of  a  - 
Jesuit  confessor  J  (An  abortive  attempt  to  introduce  the  In- 
quisition was  frustrated  by  the  tiirbuient  opposition  of  the  ^^ 
people  and  the  wisdom  of  the  fcing.  .-an.,  •...;■-  „w  .,-■-: aa':  ixi^a 
powerful   The  war  v/hich  had  begun  in  1740,  had  been  waged  inter- 
mittently until  1748,  thoUf.;h  the  kingdom  of  Naples  was  not.  the 
much  affected  by  its  ravages.   The  final  treaty  was  signed  at 
Aix-la-Chapelle  and  by  it  the  second  son  of  Elizabeth  Farner:e, 
Don  Philip,  received  the  duchies  of  Parma,  Biacenza  and 
Guastella,  the  Spanish  Queen  Mother  having  thus  gained  her 
end.^0strlt,tion  c  >wf>r  of  tae  pop*  ♦  r 

a  f'.tfHip   Tamicci*s  reforms  of  the  feudal  system  were  mostly 
in  the  v/ay  of  diminishing  the  judicial  rights  v/ithout  touching 
the  revenue,  lands  or  other  rights  of  the  barons.   The  baro- 
nial courts  were  made  subject  to  appeals  and  by  diminishing 
the  number  of  armed  retainers,  and  laying  down  the  rules  for 
their  punishment,  Tanucci  diiiiinished  the  baronial  privileges. 
It  was  also  decreed  that  the  power  of  criminal  jurisdiction  - 
was  never  again  to  be  granted  upon  renewal  of  investitures  of- 
fiefs  and  that  the  rights  of  the  community  were  inalienable  by 
tdime.    Charles  tried  to  attract  the  feudal  lords  to  his  court 
and  in  that  way  relieve  their  vassals  of  their  presence.    In 
this,  way  the  power  of  the  nobles'  was  gradually  weakened  because 
of  the  extravagance  incidental  to  court  life.    The  third  es- 
tate, which  had  until  the  time  of  Charles*  arrival  been  oppresse 
by  the  clergy  and  the  nobles,  grew  strong  and  it  v^as  from  this 


11 


'  v>>-  JJV 


srfj   1o  no  I 


^i-VflT 


a  on   si^v/   8  9iqBM  'to   moftgnJ::^   e 


ic^isijjp 


'O^ft!^ 


Vi   ii.tn*f  xi*ns:*.^im 


■sl'^.ii.jr  B-i&w  nis;?avs  Xj?bw©'3:    9/\:t   Jo   snnolsi   a'iooi/ffeT 


:inimi  -ryns   sieeqqs   ot    .tj9(,a5; 


i{1 


Tftw  s^tiuoo!  lokn 


>«io«b  oalB   a*sw    *I 


['iBci'J         .  9fn&i 


■■.7     ^Q&bS 


12 


bodyi  mostly  compose^  .pf  merchants  and  lawyers,  that  Charles 
drew  his  councillors.   Of  these  Tanucci  was  the  most 
famous,  and  his  influence  on  the  policy  of  Charles,  both  while 
h^,  was  in  Italy  and  afterv/ards  in  Spain,  v/as  constant  and     ^ 
powerful  at  all  times.   A  Spanish  author  says  of  this  minis- 
ter :  "This  man  of  such  exceptional  abilities,  who  presa^jed  the 
unity  of  Italy,  yearned  for  since  the  time  of  Dante,  and  an^ 
nounced  it  a  century  before  it  was  realized  by  the  count  of 
Cavour,  and  who  understood  the  tv;o  great  necessities  of  his 
country,  which  consisted  in  the  destruction  of  feudalism  and:. d 
the  restriction  of  the  centralizing  power  of  the  pope,  making 
a  /oreign  rule  acceptable  and  planting  the^j>Qwer  ot   Spain  on 
Italian  soil,  was  Bernardo  Tanucci, who,  as  an  Italian  author 
truly  said,  does  not  represent  the  biography  of  a  man,  but  rather 

the  c§ftte|:^jora^p,jus  i^ist;Qry^^,f,^.ta;Ly  gi)d  symbpl^izes  the  tj^n-. 

2 

dency  of  the  eighteenth  century."  ,j..^j  *-^^   ueci^'e^  w^^re 

The  correspondence  of  Tanucci  with  Charles  after  he 
becaine  king  of  Spain  ^ives  an  adequate  idea  of  the  Tuscan  law- 
yer's influence  and  ought  therefore  to  be  wol^thy  of  considera-a 
tion.  ,  he 

The  correspondence  carried  ^pn  between  the  minister 

and  his  master  was  weekly  and  the  letters  were  always  writtin 

in  Tanucci 's  own  handwriting^   The  style  was  precise  and  short 

and  of  laconic  eloquence.    The  councils  embodied  in  his  letters 

1 


1.  Di  B..  Tantcci.   Duca  di  Lauria. 

2.  D.  y  C.,  Vol.  I,  138. 


J 


fcll/fw  ffrod   f 

/.iff  lo  asi  'ieis   ■  ,  --'^ 


.  i 


IS 


were  clear  and  exhaustive  and  his  form  severe  and  respectful  ; 
and  what  is  most  singular  is  the  total  absence  of  any  correc- 
tions in  any  of  his  letters,  giving  proof  of  a  clear  under- 

t  1  .  1 

standing  and  easy  comprehension  of  Y/hat  he  was  -writing. 

There  was  nothing  in  Tanucci's  letters  which  did  not  hear  upon 

some  iiTiportant  matter  ;  nothing  which  did  not  come  directly 

'"■y  th»?  d^ath  o^  '-^rr''!  fs-,^''^  >'"  '•'■.i ''';'' o>jt  i ',p.'-iiv^,  *-^?>  u"^o*ai 
to  the  point,  and  no  thought  v/hich  did  not  inspire  convic'-ion. 


"Each  letter  began  by  giving  an  account  of  the  state  of  health 

enjoyed  by  the  royal  family  ;  then  gave  an  account  of  all 

Don  "^^nW^-- ..  ■..       et^Ai'--^  <:^   P.-n  ^M  }  I  ■  *  •?  \y.--u....\-\  ,  "->il-  !"^or 

the  questions  brought  up  in  the  vcouncil  of  regency  and  nearly 

' ' '  ■ . 

always  ended  by  giving  a  surmary  of  the  discoveries  made  in 

'•pail '  . 

Pompeii  and  Herculaneum.   There  was  no  detail  which  happened 

at  the  -^leapolitan  court  that":  was  not  embodied  in  the  letters 

and  Tanucci  was  often  compelled  to  seek  the  protection  of 

0-:.  tor 

Eharles  because  of  his  well  known  opposition  to  the  Apostolic 
See  and  his  report  of  the  indiscretions  of  Ferdinand's  life. 
All  the  difficult  questions  which  Charles  had  to  decide  were 
submitted  to  Tanucci  and  no  treferms  v^ere  ever  instituted  \vithotkt 

e"  ■  "j  :  •;  ■■ 

first  consulting  him. 

The  experience  which  Charles  had  had  in  Italy  helped 

I'e  .  -.e  !  0  -'•♦^  •■■'  ■ 

him  to  avoid  many  mistakes  in  Spain,  while  ^he  reputation  he 

had  while  ruler  of  T^aples  preceded  him  Cto  Spain,  making  him 

beloved  by  the  people  even  before  his  arrival  there. 
WHS  (/;■  irt  ^o^'f'"  «'  j* 

1.   D.  y  e..  Vol.  I,  p.  142. 
■^e*   Ibid,  Vol.  I,  p.  142.      .  ^f    , 


I 

ftoqii   'iBS^^    '-■'■''  ' 

ff #1 JB ed  It    o ■» « 4  'V  o   :in>.   .. 

JAb  'to   &£fiJtj^oa»  f!«   ^^ve3  ^6^l^t    ;     /J  ;0"t   ©rii   ^d   bevotiiJ^ 

sts^tsi   V'  tv»ifeoffftt*  df^of!  »«ir   -'d*di 

.  8^1X  R*?>nf?n4fw»**  1:o   8^toi:^©•r>>^il>fJl    m^  •*'Toq9*t   Ri/<   brre  es^ 

e'isv,    .V    .^^..^   v.,         ■''   aeiiBfiO    '  , ;  r-r.- 
bsc^y^i^^etti   *x9vt)  ©-isv/  amteteft  on  iyfiB  iuawflBT   oi    bsi^^imdwa 

mid.  js^nMi^m   tHifiqB  ocfif  ml  3lii1,v  b.-:f 


14 


■'■'■   re  ■- 
ve 071  CHAPTER  II.  5 

retpn  li^  FAPRATIVK  0?  HIS  R?)iaN.  ^•?' 

in  churat'  :s  :::! 

p~        By  the  death  of  Ferdinand  VI  v/lthout  issue,  the  crown 
of  Spain  devolved  upon  his  half  hrother,  Charles  of  Naples. 
Charles  abdicated  his  Italian  throne  in  favor  of  his  third  son, 
Don  Ferdinand,  because  of  Don  Philip's  imbecility,  while  Don  ^ 
Charles,  the  second  son,  became  heir  apparent  to  his  father's 
Spanish  dominions. 

After  niakinp,  these  arrangements  for  his  succession 
in  Italy,  Charles  embarked  for  Barcelona,  landing  there  in 
October, 1759.   His  reforms  in  Italy  had  given  hiB  the  reputa- 
tion of  being  one  of  the  foremest  advocates  of  the  ideas  of 
enlightened  despotism  and  his  i^eception  at  Barcelona  was  one  ^ 
of  intense  enthuslaam.   The  royal  party  m.ade  its  triumphal 
entry  into  T!adrid  on  the  thirteenth  of  July,  1760  and  the 
attitude  of  the  Spanish  people,  even  at  this  early  date  of  th^**" 
reign,  indicated  the  love  and  admiration  which  they  felt  for  '-"• 
their  sovereign.   Charles  was  in  the  prj^me  of  life  when  he 
cane  to  the  Spanish  throng,  being  in  his  forty-fifth  year.   He 
was  of  medium  height,  robust  in  constitution  ;  his  skin  was 
tanned  by  exposure  to  the  wind  and  weather  and  his  frugal 
habits  were  those  of  a  bourgeois  of  his  state.   His  joviality 
and  good  nature  attracted  every  one  toward  him.    In  1760  he 


jtoa    b^l'-^^   Htfi  to   •? 


^•fe   p.^ 


.>0 


"^feok^r^t    ,rf^,  t9'i 


6rl  O&Ti   nl 


.'llfcr 


t^  ■>.:?"?.   a  in   la  sivi^ 


w 


003  ftn* 


16 


lost  his  wife,  Maria  Ajnalia  of  Saxony,  who  had  given  him  thir- 
t^efeti  children.   Charles  refused  to  marry  again  and  during 
this  long  period  between  his  wife*s  death  and  the  end  of  his 
reign  he  led  a  truly  puritan  life.  He  v/as  firm  and  tenacious 
in  character,  and  some  of  his  m.inisters  complained  of  his   ♦» 
stubbornness.   He  was  not  ^ver-brilliant,  but  capable  of 
discerning  the  good  or  the  evil  in  a  man.   He  was  a  very  re- 
ligious man  ;  but  also  possessed  a  broad,  liberal  spirit.   His 
desire  was  to  free  the  Spanish  people  of  ecclesiastic  influence 
and  th  destroy  in  the  adr-'inistrative,  economic  and  social  or- 
ganization of  Spain  the  dees  seated  abuses,  sacred  to  the 
Spaniard  because  of  their  long  duration. 

^eii  •  Charles  retained  most  of  his  brother's  ministers, 
though  h€^  stccepted  the  resignation  of  Alva,  allowing  him  to 
retain  all  his  honors  and  rewards. 

ns"^:      VTall,  a  talented  and  conscientious  Irishman,  was  made 
the  head  of  his  ministry  and,  Squilac' ,  a  low  born  Sicilian, 
shared  the  responsibility  in  the  first  stepd  taken  towards  t 
the  much  needed  reforms.    The  duke  of  Losada  did  not  interfere 
much  with  foreign  politics,  hut  confined  himself  to  administra- 
tive duties.   This  ministry  was  mainly  backed  up  by  the  "go- 
lilla**  party,  which  was  not  so  strong  in  nuj>ibers  as  in  the  high 
average  tof  intelligence  of  its  members.   The  celebrated  Cam- 
pomanes  and  Moruno,  v/ho  later  became  chief  minister,  were  the 
leaders  of  this  party.   Orimaldi,  a  Genoese  nobleman  of  re- 
markable diplomatic  ability,  was  sent  to  Paris  and  there 


al 


"•ttdi  arirf  nsvts  ^^^  ^^^   »vm 


:,  ol 


3  if'  "io    fens    9ff^    bnf:  -.  .       . 

.     .  ■  ^  ,  .  ..  :■   &i.^   ;    ffer- 

«;,^i:iv/uj    u;-Au:     <:i^aj-:-i    ia-Tii    &ri- 


u 


achieved  the  famous  Facte  (ffe  Pamille.   He  sfcoeeded  Wall  in 
1763  and  marked  his  policy  with  a  decided  leaning  toward  ^ut 
prance.   One  English  envoy  described  him  as  being  "more  French 
^than  the  French  ^m^assadpr .'^ce^ty  w«'S  '-^,-n  ir   -rp^.^.j^ 

ji         The  renewal  or  affirmation  of  the  Facte  de  Famille 
w€».s  api:>arently  aimed  against  England,  though  Charles  expressly 
declare^  it  to  be  an  "pj'faijrf  de  coeyr,  not  an  affaire  poli- 
tiffue."!;  oJ^t  vas  to  be  a  defensi-e  and  offensive  alliance  be- 
tween the  two  Boulrbon  houses,  but  it  is  herd  to  see  how  Spain 
could  gain  anything  by  such  an  agreement  with  France.   Choi- 
seul*s  joy  at  having  achieved  the  treaty  caused  him  to  publish 
its  contents  before  Spain  was  ready  for  it  and  Pitt  promptly 
deolareg  wiar  against  Spain.   Wall,  who  was  the  only  conti- 
nental statesman  who  seems  to  have  had  a  true  conception  of  o 
England's  strength,  strenuously  opposed  any  conflict  with  that 
nation.   JPrance*i  premature  step  disgusted  him.  and  only  the 
impending  crisis  of  a  foreign  war  induced  him  ■'■o  rem.ain  in 
office.   Portugal  was  asked  to  join  the  Bourbons  as  against 
England,  but  declared  herrelf  neutral.   An  invasion  of  allied 
troops  under  Aranda  followed.   England  sent  ten  thousand  men 
under  Count  Lippe  to  aid  Portugal  and  these  forces  and  the  ap- 
proaching winter  compelled  Aranda  to  retire  without  having 
accomplished  anything.   The  English  under  Admiral  Porock  - 
captured  all  of  Spain's  Y/est  India  possessions,  taking  Havana  ^ 
after  a  desperate  siege.   Manilla  in  the  Philippines  was  also 
taken  by  the  English,  but  ransomed  for  four  million  dollars, 


SI 


4las9'£cix9  a^IierfO  ifawoff"*    tbcisl^rr^   jaa^c^x    ©emife    ^x^ii^- tr^':. 

-'tioq  siisHfl  jwi  :^on  ^Tueoo  9£>  e'^iB'tl^is*  ne  ad  o^  ^l  !iftrr«Ia':  j 
-srf  sanfiilf»  ^TtarfS-f^^O' fyns  ii'ianf?1r»b  b  erf  c  asw  .*l  "♦9;/pi' 
nlBct?.  wof{    :--j-c.o   urt  ln^jfT  ax    Ji;    ''^"''    ,ri9BjJorl   £iO(^itisoE  or:*    '>^^    ^'-    •^■* 

^i^qmoT'i  t^i^bps  Jt.iot  Tjb8©T  jjjsvr  niaqf?- stolid  airiio.iiu. 
-^tinoo  vino  dri't   e«w  orfw   ,Iifj"         .  :ifiq8  c^aniBas  ti?  ijsjb 

10  nottqa^UQU  ©wf^   /?   barf  svar^   a:^   armsa   orfw  nBiaa8^fl.^8   Xatnea 

9f{*  ^Irro  l>n«  m iff   bs-'sriaeib  <|«^s   ©ta^BCi©*       ''    jftfii^        .n'oJtc^sn 

boillB  'io  norasvni  rtA        .la^xfifen  'tXefttarf   be^^A^e'h  ;*ji^    «  c? 

-qe  9r(+    bne   ae^io't   f»aerfi    bfiB   la^tr^f'^o  ^  uif. 

3nt VBff   •*worf:?'iw  afi:f€»t  ot  dbnaiA    bsIXaqnc.  >30tq 

ylooTO*?  IsfimM   T9bfiff  iieiij^n^   ^^^'^^        .  -royae 

osCb   3«w  2  9niqqtltrf^  ©ff:f  ni    slllrt^  .  i^  s    it>-:tlB 

»sfsIXof»  notlllrn  •itjol  tcrt   b9?fto«n  :9jLc 


.  *■ 


16 


only  two  million  Qf  which  were  ever  paid.   Spain  attaoked  the 
Portuguese  colonies  in  South  America  and  too>  Sacramento,  but 
was  ready  to  listen  to  Lord  Bute's  overtures  of  peace  at  the 
end  of  the  year  1762.    A  treaty  was  made  in  London  in  Pebru-^ 
ary,  1763,  hy  which  England  got  most  of  ■trance's  Asiatic  pos- 
sessions,also  those  in  America  and  Africa.   Spain  returned 
Minorca,  surrendered  Florida,  gave  up  logging  rights  on  the 
coast  of  Campeachy  and  fishing  rights  on  the  coast  of  New- 
foundland.  ilKgla^id  -gave  up  Havana  and  'Manilla. 
i^f+er     Thus  Charles*  first  war  against  England  ended  de- 
cidedly  in  the  latter;!^*  favor  and  justified  Wall's  apprehen- 
sions of  such  an  encounter.    After  the  treaty  between  the 
three  pov,ers  had  been  signed,  Y^all  obtained  his  release  from 
office  b:/  feigning  partial  blindness.   Grimaldi  was  chosen  to 
succeed  him  and  directed  the  department  of  foreign  affairs 
until  1776.    Squillaci  was  his  rival  for  influence  with  the 
king  and  it  was  he  who  drew  up  the  reforms  for  the  domestic 
administration  of  Spain  and  devided  a  means  for  checking  the  -j . 
corruption  and  dishonesty  rampant  in  the  colonies.   The  ap- 
pointment of  Grimalci  encouraged  Choiseul,  and  perhaps  right- 
fully so,  to  boast  of  his  powerful  influence  in  Spain  for  the 
Italian  had  been  one  of  his  disciples  while  in  Paris. 
l  Squilaci  as  Minister  oftthe  Interior  began  his  re- 

forms at  h(^me  by  issuing  an  edict  against  the  prevalent  custom 
of  v/earing  large  slouch  hats  and  long  black  cloaks  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  conceal  the  features  of  the  wearer,  thus  making 


31 


srf;f  no 


•tlw    f 


:-£   lol   Isvit  aiif  fiif¥  IroBlI 


is 


the  deteotion  of  armed  oriminals.;a  difficul*-.  task.   The  cler- 
gy v/as  against  hin  because  of  his  v/ell  known  anti -clerical 
sentiments  and  the  nobility  because  of  his  attempt  to  teduce 
the  numoer  of  large  landed  estates.   This  foreigner  was  made 
the  scapegoat  for  every  evil  that  had  arisen  and  on  March  23, 
1766,  Madrid  broke  out  in  open  revolt.   Everybody  v/ore  the 
objectionable  garb  and  the  populace  demanded  the  death  of 
Squilaci .    His  house  was  sacked  and  he  went  into  hiding. 
The  "V^alloon  Guards  bravely  defended  the  royal  residence  and  * 
after  'three  days  the  rebellion  was  put  down.    Ananda  had  been 
called  upon  to  restore  order  and  Squilaci  was  sent  to  Venice 
as  Spanish  ambassador.    Aranda  had  an  enormous  amount  of  in- 
fluence  with  the  Tapani sh  people  and  had  distinguished  himself 
both  as  a  soldier  and  as  a  statesman.   He  had  been  sent  to 
Portugal  and  to  Italy  on  martial  errands  and  was  a  true  repre- 
sehtative  of  a  proud  race.   He  was  nade  president  of  Castile 
and  secured  the  obedience  of  the  people  so  that  Charles  con- 
sented to  return  from  Aranjuez,  whither  he  had  fled,  to  I'adrid. 
Araricta  was  as  original  in  character  as  he  Vvas  in  appearance. 
He  was  dark  skinned,   had  a  large,  hooked  nose  and  steel  gray 
eyes  ;  a  toothless  mouth  completed  his  homely  but  not  repulsive 
appear'ance.  'T(e   was  a  non-believing  philosopher  and  Epicurean 
In  tendency.   The  king  upon  one  occasion  declared  that  he  vms 


more  stubborn  than  an  Aragonese  mule. 

The  year  after  the  so-calle 

,_i »,  .■.  >-.  ,^ 
planned  and  executed  the  suppression  of  the  Jesuit  order  in 


The  year  after  the  so-called  Squilaci  riots,  Aranda 


81 


iisji'isi j-iziiij  rr</ofL?j  li^'a   ?.i.  -  -.'a  n^i.i   rani-    •             ':§ 

^ovbet  i*nea 

t?*a  si?¥  ijuXiJupCi  bus  i^L'io   <**to-ee\  o:f   iiuqij   Dailso 

-nx   1o  .                                              as 

'■ .!  ,. .  ■    h^riy.        . ,. ..  ^     ._. 

-3-                                         '   abnQi*r©  iBt-ffsr                                                      oH 

a  i    ^  r«  i>- :  o    '  i  - >  --^ ^)T>   ?^ r{5   l-u  no i  "  ^nnts  J.  n 


19 


Spain.    This  novenent  against  the  Souif»ty  began  .  inrPortugal 
and  France,  nut  up  to  the  tine  of  the  rio's,  Charles  had  given 
no  evidence  of  any  enmity  against  an;  religious  order.    I*:  r.^r 
seems  that  the  events  of  1766  changed  his  politics  in  this 
respect  and  his  growing  suspicion  of  the  followers  of  Loyola 
was  being  skilfully  fostered  by  the  school  of  anti-clerical 
reformers.   No  efforts  were  spared  by  these  to  brii;g  on 

>1flro  downfall  of  this  h^i^ed  order.   Evidence  of  a  vast  conspir- 
acy  against  the  Bourbon  faT^ily  was  produced,  or  rather  nanufac- 

• tured,  and  the  rebellion  of  the  previous  ^ear   was  declared  to 
"have  been  "-he  worh  of  the  Jesuits.    In  sfi^e  uf  the  strenuous 

iremons trance  of  Clenent  XIII  Charles  signed  the  decree  which 
banished  every  Jesuit  from  his  lands.    Arhnda  was  ready  to 
carry  out  his  knig*s  wishes  and  arr?tnged  natters  so  skilfully 

cthat::'tlie  people  knew  nothing  about  the  expulsion  of  the  Society 
until  It  had  been  accomplished.    All  Jesuit  property  was  con- 
fiscated by  the  state,  and  they  were  sent  to  the  papal  doain- 
ions,  only  to  be  turned  away  and  compelled  to  endure  untold, 
miseries  and  hardships,  sailing  from  port  to  port  in  order  th 
find  some  place  where  they  might  be  allowed  to  land. 

While  Spain  was  thus  Ov^cupied  with  its  affairs  at 
home,  Prance  tried  its  best  to  draw  Charles  into  another  con- 
flict with  England.    Choiseul  cedec  Louisiana  to  Spain  in 
176"  and  urged  Aranda  to  sieze  the  Falkland  Islands.    3uca- 
rell,  the  governor  of  ?uenos  Ayres,  carried  out  this  attack  and 
drove  the  Enrlish  from  those  barren  lands  in  1770.    Another 


:iBvly^   b«fn'   H'^lnai^O 


baa 


^.  ll'.  ^     ill     '. 


.Cilfiff'-J 

W0 13 


ff-v  r 


•ftaAT 


-t  irrarro  J 


P. hr^*   to    IlBlnwob   J*^"^ 


<-.  r4»v    «  .-w\      <i 


fkK-f    tf>     ^t't^ 


'^/>jl:ri>{«   03  «T«»-*+fj! 


s»i    a  in  mun 


,IW<iX9     -^'-  ..V 


.  ,  r     f    r-T  +  .A  ?>  ;.,ro 


Ufrasl   J.iA 
-niftoh  iB'iJSi   arl;?   o:f    ^nsa   eiew  "^©rl^    />n**    ,' 

d*     ••  •■)'  'to'i   ow    ^'iU  I 

ni   ntijqS   o^   sfustaftroJ   ^'*'o«>j    Mr^^  l 


■ffBO 


■'^.■^P-J»1*T 


>f( 


cile-J 


war  with  England  was  nov/  immanent,  but  the  downfall  of  Choi- 
seul  caused  the  withdrav/al  of  Prance,  leaving  Spain  to  face 
England  alone.    Aranda  saw  ^.he   hopelessness  of  such  a  con-. 
flicfc  and  apologized  for  the  act  of  war  committed  by  one   of 
his  governors.   As  a  result  of  this  fiasco,  Aranda  was  com- 
pelled to  resign  and  Canpomanes  succeeded  him,  while  he  was 
made  ambassador  to  Prance.    In  the  mean  time  Monino,  after- 
wards  the  Count  Florida  Branca,  had  persuafled  Clement  XIV  to 
issue  ^-he  bull  abolishing  the  Jesuit  order.    This  was  a  r,i^ee.t 
diplomatic  victory  and  Monina  was  eventually  chosen  to  succeed 
Grimaldi  as  foreign  minister.   During  the  term  of  his  admin- 
istration, Aranda  had  made  great  changes  in  social  and  economic 
conditions.  ,  He  had  diminished  the  powers  of  the  clergy  and 
especially  those  of  the  Inquisition.   He  established  the  first 
census  in  1768  by  which  Spain  was  said  to  have  9,152,992  in- 
Habit^ts.,   With  his  encouragement  Don  Fable  Antonia  Olavide 
established  his  settlements  of  Bavarian  peasants  in  the  Sierra 
Morena  in  1767.   These  colonists,  brought  over  by  one  Colonel 
T;hLurri,egel  had  been  entirely  assimilated  by  the  native  popula- 
tion  as  early  as  1834. 

Campo' anes  v;ho  was  next  in  rank  to  Grimaldi  continued 
tjie  domestic  reforms  of  Aranda  and  earned  for  himself  a  repu- 
tition  in  Spain  similar  to  that  held  by  Adam  Smith  in  England 
and  by  Turgot  in  Prance.   He  was  respected  for  his  integrity, 
the  breadth  of  his  views  and  for  his  superior  intelligence. 

The  reorganization  of  the  army  instituted  by  Aranda 


02 


•  to   I 

0^  jt   OS  fiia<rS 

,  Boff.H' 

...    r 

-no^  s  fj^ifa  1-G     ' 

.  ci  :.' j.  r^-.^^ji : 

X»  .'- 

ao    -d   bf 

tisif   J 

lol    beai 

■  i>its  io 

o^   VIX   >  uoO  *»r^t    »f)T««w 

vs>e^7}    ^     8J?W    Si{;?r  ,-iiib-ii  ■      >    •.>.'>;     o-ji.1'.^  il0(f«    X.'WCJ    i^D..      f^Mbrtj. 

oLriuuQoQ   htie  is^jOB  nt  a©3H«wfo  tfien^  ebfim  barf  fib:"TB*xA    ,     --  - 
:?8*tM   mid    i»6fl«xJffe:*3e   -'H        .fft)i:^ir:xi;i^0l   ®.ii  ^  .rl;*    ^iilBij&qe© 

IwtoIoO   -Mtc'    ''  "••.-0    -^••'■}A.f0^d    ,8;tsiiiMi  L..>   -«..  r*:,--     ,^  ^^^^^ 

I     8/3     'Cif!^e    8. 

:^"r   s  tl^&tnid  tot   b^nifje  &n«  t  '^.Q*i  jI&h 


21 


was  soon  put  to  a  test  in  a  small  v/ar  in  Africa  v/ith  Moors  in 
1775.    A  peace  was  made   favorable  to  the  Spaniards,  but  the 
next  year  another  expedition  off  22,000  wen  under  an  Irishman, 
O'Reilly,  was  disastrously  beaten.   O'Reilly  was  nearly  mobbed 
when  he  returned  to  Spain,  and  Grimaldi  was  allov/ed  to  resign 
hie  position  as  Secretary  of  State  and  named  Florida  Blanca  as 
his  successor. 

Monino,who  was  an  adherent  of  Grimald^'jhad  been  the 
head  of  the  "golilla"  party.   He  was  the  son.  of  a  notary  and 
had  worked*  his  v/ay  up  in  the  admini  rtratife  and  political 
hierarchies,  finally  securing  the  ambassadojyship  to  Rome. 
There  he  distinguished  himself  as  a  most  astute  diplomat.   He 
was  of  a  cold  and  reserved  temperament  ;  of  a  methodical  mind 
and  possessed  of  a  cautious,  though  c'espotic  nature.   His 
enemies  called  him  "the  old  fox/"   He  inaugurated  an  indepen- 
dent  foreign  policy  and  refused  to  follow  Prance  blindly  ad 
Orimaldi  seems  to  have  done.   He  profited  by  the  American  war 

by  regaining  Florida  and  Minorca   ;  though  he  failed  to  secure 

?  r  V,  e  ;:;  r  : 

Gibraltar.   He  allied  Spain  v/ith  Portugal,  made  an  advantageeus 

cOEmercial  treaty  with  England  and  put  an  end   to  the  raids  of  *< 
the  Barbary  Corsairs.   He  rei^ignized  the  ability  and  v/orth  of 
Campomanes,  though  he  disliked  him  personally,  thereby  show- 
ing himself  to  be  a  truly  great  man. 

Wlien  Florida  Blanca  became  Secretary  of  State,  the 
great  Pombal  was  occupied  with  the  extension  of  Portuguese  ter- 
ritory in  America,  and  this  at  Spain*s  expense.   He  invaded 


'■1  n  r.''!  Si 


f  .r;-r^r- 


-noqfo.TJ.    Mr:  5n.t    »K        " .  xol   Mo  s.^''*''   mlrf  ftsXIsj   89ime/i9 

■f)"f.Cf^     ^urxC*^''     WOflO*!:     0^     f>4?.<f1:  rr-riici 


"/■        c,  C\  •*        )  .  r  •  c:        rt  .  •         •••  !  r    f        .  ^ . 


;.rf-.  r'.,-.M 


lOw    bits  vi  lii^'a    f).'^^    b0s  .aiifts'ioO   •^•tiJdtB#  ©.ij" 

.ft  r  i^'  - ' !  **  f 

'J-'"*    ,©.-*0:''-!  1o   ••?;•  "»v'5    ©-ft 


22 


Buenos  Ayres  and  the  '"'paniards  retaliated  by  seizing  Saoremento 
j-^^^^4,,the  island  of  Santa  Catalina  off  Rio  Janeiro.  This  little 
g^,  was  was  brought  to  an  end  in  1777  by  the  death  of  Joseph  I  of 

Portugal  and  the  dismissal  of  Tombal  by  Maria  France sea,  the 
^^   new  Queen,  who  had  no  special  regard  for  the  man  who  had 

plotted  to  deprive  hfr  of  her  throne.    She  was  tlie  neice  of 
3r,  Charles  III  ano  after  adjusting  the  difficulties  in  Brazil, 

the  treaty  of  Pardo  was  made  between  the  two  peninsular  king- 
jji  doms  in  1778.   The  treaties  of  1777  and  1778  with  Portugal 
•p^  were  considered  by  Florida  Blanca  to  have  been  the  most  im- 
portant achievei/ients  of  his  ministry.    In  1776  the  Inquisition 
rjiade  its  last  effort  to  assert  its  judicial  powers  by  an  -ou4- 
*-y   rageous  attack  on  Olavide  for  the  crine  of  non-belief  and  Vol- 
f^^.  t  aire  ism.    The  great  philanthrope  and  econoriist  was  condemned 
fj^  to  imprisonment  after  suffering  many  indignities  but  was  final- 
^o  ly  pardoned  by  the  king. 

These  ttr^'   '^^^  recognition,  by  Prance,  of  the  Ajierican  insurgents 
^j  in  1778  had  been  the  cause  of  declaration  of  war  by  England 
c;-^  against  France.   Prance  asked  that  in  pursuance  of  the  Pacte 
jl^jr  de,r^ar!ulle,  Spain  Should  join  her  against  the  English  and  thus 
pX  check  their  steadily  increasing  power  ;  while  England  tried  to 
>j,  prevent,  this  by  pointing  out  the  evil  effects  a  suv^cessful 
gi  rebellion  in  the  English  colonies  would  have  in  the  adjaceht 
^Y   Spanish  colonies  of  America.   Aranda,  who  was  then  ambassador 
^.  to  Prance,  v/as  for  war  ;  the  king  did  not  li]fo  the  English  and 
j_^  wished  to  regain  Gibraltar  ;  but  Florida  Blanca  was  cautious  and 
in  1779  he  offered  to  mediate  between  France  and  England. 


:2 


bsri  uffw  asm  sjIj   lol  -ja   on  i)sr(  c  ^eup  wen 

-(nx    Jdvji-!   an  J   nsfso    sv:-r;    o:^    ;.^jafij;--   s.ox'iQJ.'-i  ^    stqw 

-IcV   hnxj  l£iX-Sa-aoi:   to    snx'iw    e^:-    =iO'l    ii.oxvi^lO   uo   z-loq:j::m    awos,:.   '^ 
-Ixjitn   a/5V/   :*jLf^   asi  +  ln'^ir-.n J   vnsn  •'ininsttfre   'iR^'^r-*    ■♦r'Ttnoai-frrrr t    o^t 

:^nBi3n?r  v^cf  'tjBv/  "ro   nor •^B-rfi.f  job  tc   9Sf;ej   pr'*   need   *>Brf  8VYI   ni 


^ 


This  offer  was  soornfullj^  rejected  by  the  latter  power  and  Charles 
followed  with  a  declat'ation  of  war.   The  true  reasons  for  this 
step  were  a  deep-seated  feeling  of  resentment  on  the  part  of  the  - 
Spanish  people  ;  dissatisfaction  with  the  treaty  of  London  in 
1763,  and  because  of  the  affair  of  the  Falkland  Islands  in  1770. 
£.      The  Spanish  and  French  fleets  were  united  at  Cadiz  for 
an  invasion  of  England  and  though  nearly  twice  as  atrong  as  Rod- 
ney's Channel  Fleet  they  did  not  dare  ctttack  him  and  at  length 
sickness  ano  storms  compelled  them  to  seek  shelter  in  Brest. 
There  were  also  a  number  of  schemes  advanced  to  bring  about  an 
uprising  in  Ireland,  but  these  also  failed.   The  siege  of  Gibral- 
tar was  raised  by  Rodney  in  January,  1780,  by  defeating  and  cap- 
turing the  fleet  of  Longard.   The  Spaniards,  on  the  other  hand, 
had  captured  Florida,  Campeachy  and  Mobile  in  America.   Lord 
North  now  made  overtures  of  peace  with  the  cession  of  Gibraltar 
as  a  basis,  but  demanding  Porto  Rico,  Oran,  and  Oman  in  return.  ' 
These  terms  were  not  acceptable  to  Spain,  hostilities  were  con- 
tinued vigor,  a  fleet  under  Cordova  and  Gaston  capturing  a  fleet 
of  richly  laden  transports  off  the  Azores.   Charles  also  sent  aid 
in  money  and  supplies  to  the  American  insurgents  ;  while  Florida 
Blanca  formulated  the  doctrine  embodied  in  the  armed  neutrality, 
by  which  England  practically  stood  alone  against  continental 
Europe.   The  idea  propounded  was  the  right  of  neutral  s^ips  to 
enter  belligernet  ports  while  no  effective  blockade  is  being  main- 
tained and  when  they  are  not  carrying  contraband  of  wnr.   Eng- 
land was  not  inclined  to  the  arrangement  which  was  clearly  aimed 


ss 


3i  f.:?   tot.   artose^i   siin^-eiiS        .  tbw  *^o  ff^t+t^tef  j  ><»woIIo1 

sr^;t  Jo   f^Bq   9fi^  no  ^ndci^rtdeb.  •^n.:s^z,a~^->■^  ■  *^. 

ni   notnod  Tlq  v,  tBxrp  ,  insqB 

-boH  as  gncxc^B   »«e   soiw:>    •:.r*t.r  T  ^o  roiaavnt    ns 

.mix'^S'i   ni   nB«!0   bni?    eHBtO    tOaiH  otio^  gnll^ffBRi&f)   -"ut     :  3B 

ij  ^Iteslo  f  On  80W  hnBi 


24 


against  her  supremacy  on  the  sea.   The  Spaniards  then  attacked 
Minorca  which  v/as  "Heins  defended  by  General  Murray  with  a  small, 
but  determined  body  of  men,        CFteheral  Cullen,  a  very  able  sol- 
dier, conducted  the  sie£;e  and  finally  gained  possession  of  the 
^CfMb'fl^  "of  Saint  Philip  In  February,  1783,  granting  to  Murray 
and  his  brave  men  the  privilege  of  marching  out  with  all  the 
honors  of  war.   Rodney  defeated  De   Orasse  in  the  Eadt  Indies, 
"1i1ie¥'eby  pii^^in^'t^idse  Spanish'  possessions  once"  more  at  the" 
mercy  of  the  English.  «as  :n 

Spain  and  France  had  agreed  to  stand  together  in 
"friaking  a  treaty  of  peace,  but  before  the  failure  of  the  great  ' 
siege  at  Gibraltar  France  entered  into  degdJtiations  with  Eng- 
land contrary  to  her  agreement.   Spain  then  on  her  own  account 
began  to  make  overtures  for  peace  to  England,  but  her  demands 
were  exorbitant.   Charles  wantef^  Minorca,  Florida,  the  Babama 
Islands,  evacuation  of  all  the  British  settlements  oiS  the  Gulf 
of  i^exico,  a  share  in  the  fisheries  of  Newfoundland,  and  final- 
ly the  cession  of  Gibraltar,  but  this  was  while  the  great  attack 
was  being  prepared.    In  return  he  offered  Oran  and  a  vague 
promise  to  favor  England's  tvade  in  Spain.   The  English  min- 
istry said  that  they  v/ould  not  consider  any  proposal  comprising 
the  cession  of  Gibraltar  as  the  people  were  deterfcined  to  re- 
tain it  at  all  costs,  because  of  Elliot's  glorious  defence. 
Aranda  carried  on  the  negotiations  and  Franklin  supported  him 
in  his  demand  for  Gibraltar.   The  crafty  American  diplomat 
declared  that  England  had  no  more  right  to  the  possession  of 


•*s  its  "^.stitaqB  srfT 

I  Htm  ts  t^&iw  vfiiTW>/[  Ir 


,i?uO     ; «;  !ii      :  ts  J  s? 


"lot  elcfe  x**^^  6    ,H$J  '3*«i,l0r 

JOB  nwo  "i^rf  fl©  nsrit  nisqS       .  tnemoBigB  i8ff  oj*  ^•ja*t#aoa  bnel 

•i  if?r{   turf   tfonel^ftS  &^  9jBeti  xqJ.  Bsnfif^tte^v.  cf 


-^ fit  11^   bn«    t  onfiltowol^/BK  "to   a.^ 

.eatetsb  e.f/oli^Gl'il  ':»*^0Jt.rM  "^^ 
mm  bacttoqq.cj:^   ail. tit 


■    iff  tlif 

Bfxjlosb 


25 


Gibraltar  than  did . Spain  to  Portsmouth.   The  two  countries 
finally  came  to  terms  and  a  definite  treaty  was  signed , at,  . 
Paris  in  January,  17o3.   This  vras,  for  Spain,  the  most  advan- 
tageous treaty  since  that  of  St.  Quentin.   By  this  treaty  of 
Paris  or  Versailles  Charles  received  Florida  aiid  Minorca,    ,^ 
while  all  other  conquests  v/ere  restored.   The  Bourbons  were 
jubilant,  but  while  Prance  was  aliaost  insolvent,  Spain  had 
added  3520,000,000  ta^^lts  public  debt  on  account  of  this  war. 
of  his    While  the  war  against  England  was  beinr:  carried  on 
a  rebelliori,  headed  by  an  Inoa  chieftain,  had  broken  out  in-,.- 
Peru.    These  tumults  were  suppressed  at  a  great  cost,  bu"^  ^vere 
never  formidable.   The  English  pointed  to  these  troubles  as 
the  natural  sequence  bt   Spain's  attitude  toward  the  "English 
colonies  in  Anerica,  but  the  Spaniards  declared  that  the  trou-., 
ble  began  before^.th^-^ Airier icans  had  obtained  their  independence. 
;,    'c  f,r.,.   Florida  Blanca  attempted  to  encourage  commerce  by 
treaties  and  in  1782  sent  a  "Frenchman,  onee  Buiigny,   to  Con- 
stantinople to  negotiate  a  favorable  treaty  with  the  Sultan. 
The  Algerian  and  Tunisian  pirates  were  brought  to  time  by  means 
of  well  conducted  punitive  expeditions  and  a  treaty  was  made  by 
which  piracy  in  the  Mediterranean  vas  stopped  so  that  the 
coasts  of  Valencia  again  became  populated  and  prosperous. 
By  the  marriage  of  his  eldest  daughter  to  John,  the  heir  ap- 
parent to  the  Portuguese  throne,  Charles  secured  a  family  union 
by  which  he  hoped  to  insupe  peace  in  the  Peninsula.   Toward 
the  end  of  his  reign  the  Facte  de  Famille  becai^e  troublesome 


:oaiM  afet^ol^   b«viBo»:i  a»i*iaffD  aelliBaieV  *iq  eiis«I 

.:ti.-:!   nit::o    t.  xu-'ViuSiix    vSOi^aife   ^ijA'   t.jn&i^   8lxnV   w«d    e-ttisj^iiiwc 
.•saw  aiifd^  %a  :?nwGoa«  no  :^rfftf)  oilcfuq  ati   or^  000,000t0S5  bsbbs 

ii.    tuo  a^:>loi£f  Jb«xi    tnJ:&JT:»irfa  BoaS  ix»  x^  ifsbfiarf    ,Jioiiiaa9i  b 
..i,.irr    }.       b':fe**"Ow    *.i>Xf*x^  ^'^  ,  * '^^fi*lS   "td    fajaaiipear  Ist 

-xioO  Q^      i^n^iliwEC  ttijo   tOBrnffonf  rsa  SQVi  ai  h&x^bbi^ 

•:aiia;«   id    feiitti-    uct    Jil^ifiu'cd   &':8^   ss^&'iX^   iiiix;:xn.;x'   .>ae  iisi'ie^XA   i>iiX' 
:cf   sJbfcsm  3.8W.  '^iBs-^tcf   6    0fi6  Bflo i:;t ibscfx®  ©y.f  -qj   lisw  to 

liotnxj   ^'liniBl  r    b^^Ttijaa    ael'if^riO    ^sno'irfcf    dE'  tnencB^ 

Dl^WOi  .BlUt^iUiXi^  iXi.    9^X5Siq    '^^li"^:  iwxa=v    ^^^1 

3moadXd«oi?   6;  (B^ed  sXiiauiM   ^  irflo 


26 


to  Charles.   Prance,  disturbed  by  internal  troubles,  tried  to 
direct  public  attention  at  home  by  aggression  abroad  and  natur- 
ally looJ^ed  *-o  Spain  as  her  ally.   Charles  tiPied  to  avoid 
ail  foreign  entanglements  and  refused  to  join  France,  Austria 
and  Prussia.   His  latter  days  v/ere  embittered  by  the  intrigues 
against  his  interest  carried  on  by  his  son,  the  king  of  Na- 
ples, with  Catherine  of  Russia«r<;k,  in  tri-* 

Various  changes  for  the  bettering  of  the  condition 
of  his  people  marked  the  end  of  Charles*  reign.   Aranda  was 
beginning  to  intrigue  against  Florida  Blanca  and  with  the  aid 
of  O'Reilly  and  the  nobles  he  finally  brought  about  his  resig- 
nation in  the  subsequent  reign. 

:■  :'•••  l."F-r.  *  In  ■  1788  the  king's  health  v^as  beginning  to  fail  and 
the  death  of  his  daughter-in-law  in  childbirth  closely  followed 
by  that  of  his  favorite  son,  Don  Gabriel,  hurried  on  the good 
king's  end.   He  died,  after  a  short  illness,  on  December 
fourteenth  at  the  age  of  seventy-three »«^uii,.  <: 
eentv  •^.-'•rol  skfr.pert-: 

■',   to  • 


.T,<;n'  ^.  M 


-i^j^tsn  fone   hBt  oieee 

s«u3iifni    ft/ft   ^4  fedTceifttrfmo                             :' tsl   siH  .<!rT<r  bfiB 

.  -,  i  J  ..     .       J   6n X 1 9^ff  t » 0  f  »■ :  iw    ,  a  el  q 

'':■l■^:■''^      i-'    'i;\>  F              jo'tfi  vllBnili    erf   a»ldoa  *jff^t   hn  'sJI'O  1:0 

locfm^udG  a.             alii    tT  ^            idilii   t.D&i  '^ni-i 


27 


,  ,  CHAPTER  III. 

4v,^j,.*«f4*.     ADMINISTRATION  AND  LEGISLATION. 


"The  absolute  and  unlimited  possession  of  power  con- 
centrated without  reserve  or  check,  in  the  hands  of  a  single 
man,  no  matter  whether  the  use  he  puts  it  to  is  for  good  or  for 
evil,  is  despotism."  Montesquieu  calls  a  country  free  v/hen 
the  legislative,  judicial  and  executive  rodies  are  distinct, 
,J^fL  .these  are  confused  there  is  despotism.   The  government  of 
England  was  considered,  by  him,  to  be  a  popular  one.    The' 
barriers  to  despotism  are  the^  laws  and  customs  of  .the  state, 
which  is  a  moral  barrier,  and  also  the  privileged  classes,  and 
finally  religion.   With  the  exception  of  England,  the  Protest- 
ant Netherlands  and,  the  cantons  of  Switzerland,.,  ^11  the  coun- 
tries of  Christendom  were  ruled  despotically  during  the  eight- 
eenth century.   The  right  of  absolute  control  asserted  by  these 
,sovereigns  was  almost  Invariably  based  upon  the  divine  princi- 
pie  and  this  was  found  to  be  the  most  convenient  argument  on 
which  to  base  such  claim.6  . 

The  genesis,  of  Spanish  political  institutions  has  bean 
one  almost  exactly  the  reverse  to  that  of  England,  where  repre- 
sentative government  was  the  outcome  of  long  struggles  against 
the  absolutism  of  the  rulers,  while  in  Spain  the  control  passed 
from  the  people  into  "he  hands  of  the  king.   Under  the  Roman 


■liR    B  ■:'    efft    ft:  3o 

ant  Off    f  nam 

(  orjB  max  :i»xii 

-rr/'  ;    ■    ■■ 


28 


"Empire  independent  municipal  governments  existed  all  over  the 
Peninsula.   The  Goths  introduced  elective  national  councils 
and  from  these  were  developed  the  Cortex,  The  clergy,  though^' Ir 
influential,  had  no  special  privileges  in  these  councils,  and 
the  municipalities,  by  means  of  deputies,  really  controlled  fr- 
these  legislative  bodies.    After  the  battle  of  Oaudelet  in 
714  the  Moors  held  sv.'a>  in  the  Peninsula  for  778  years  and 
each  province  made  its  own  laws  and  ran  its  own  affairs  during 
that  period  of  ^subjugation .   It  was  at  this  period  that  the  <- 
clergy  began  to  control  the  Cortes  because  of  the  martial  occu- 
pation of  the  lay  population  and  this  ascendancy  has  continued 
1(,p.J:^e  cJiar  act  eristic  ot   Spanish  £;overnment  since  those  days  of- 
Mohammedan  rule  "n  the  Peninsula.   The  king  had  no  influence 
whatever  in  the  election  of  deputies  and  no  one  in  the  pay  of 
I'PXalty  was  allowed  tQ  represent  the  people  for  fear  that  they 
might  not  act  in  the  interest  of  their  constituents.    The 
bodies  of  the  deputies  were  inviolable  and  troops  could  hot 
approachthe  pl^pe  .of  .meeting  of  the  Cortes.   The  oath  of  of- 
fice was  sworn  to  the  people  and  not  to  the  king.   Up  to  the 
time  of  the  Austrian  dynasty  tlis  was  an  effective  check  upon 
royal  prerogative  and  Spain  could  boast  of  a  truly  represen-  - . 
tative  government.   The  Justicia  -mayor  of  those  times  was  a 
sort  of  supreme  court  which  defined  the  king's  prerogative  and 
acted  as  an  intermediary  between  the  people  and  the  crov/n. 
"Thus  the  first  period  of  Spanish  history  is  that  of  popular 

control  and  all  a*- tempts  to  usurp  the  power  were  repressed. 

1 . 


t>  ''"*     *I*r''0     i  i 


c.j.  ^  ^iii.i  t.  o     -  ;J  ::*  ■  X 


O    .  i  J^  U  i 


-)0d  'ftvid'. 


s>iqo»q    9ft^    "^ 
frf*    fv*    rrTJ         .  '  ^!  ir       '•.-^■^    of    fo 


J    ■.  X  V  U 


ojj  y 


'  P.+ 


29 


The  crown,  s^rrong  and  respected,  generally  knew  how  *-o  respect 
national  institutions  and  how  to  submit  to  the  wishes  of  the  i.- 
people.   The  kings  did  not  believe  that  they  compromised  their 
dignity  by  a  noble  deference  to  the  wi£h€t  of  the  people  and 
understood  that  the  freedom  of  the  deputies  was  the  best  safe- 
guard for  the  throne."     ,»-....  ....  r.^?  r.  throne  . 

The  second  period  begins  v/ith  the  conquest  of  the 
Moors  and  contrary  to  the  accepted  opinion  v/as  not  one  of 
prosperity.    There  were  three  teasons  for  this,  namely^:  the 
Inquisition,  the  v/ars  of  Charles  V  and  the  riches  of  America. 
pv,,.  -  .    From  the  conquest  of  Granada  to  the  war  of  independ- 
ence absolutism  reigned  in  Spain.    The  house  of  Bourbon  accen- 
tuated the  policy  of  concent -ation  and  modelled  the  Spanish 
after  the  French  form  of  governemnt.   The  kings  concentrated 
all  power  in  their  hands  and  cut  it  off  from  the  nobles  and  the 
people  by  relying  on  their  fanaticism  and  the  influence  of  the 
clergy.   The  kings  believed  that  they  held  their  crown  by 
right  divine  and  assumed  all  powers  of  governm.ent  independently 
of  all  social  elements.   They  exercised  legislative  faculties 
either  directly  or  by  means  of  organisms  created  by  them,  by 
rueans  of  pragmatics,  decrees  or  edicts.    Justice  was  directly 
administered  or  delegated  to  corregidors.  Alcaldes,  courts, 
chanceries  or  audiences.    The  executive  functions  v/ere  exer- 
cised by  corporations  or  funct ionsried  named  by  the  king,  who 
often  assigned  judicial  as  v/ell  as  administrative  duties  to  the 

1.  Marliani,  Hist.,  Introduction. 


drfi    lO    88/13  tw    91^' 

-Ji:)   ■:   bse  Lnot^im'.  bib  ar^R 

brfQ  el^oeq  e'  e^ab  eid^^  to 

e.i;^   to  -TOO   e:   -  f   boi-  tojf^a 

i^ldon  ^ii'S  mitt  tlo  #1   t^e  i^ftjl  abaB/(  L'b 

ti  .  ''^fli   0rf^    oris  (delcJttiSim^l   ttfii**    fto   '--fft!!*^' 

-  it3.\y     *^'tt».v     ci^«j'^-i  vSi^iUi  ^     vVJt  '■UJ«3/C^'  •  ' 


30 


same  body. 

When  Charles  III  oar:ie  to  throne  the  influence  of  the 

ultra-montane  party  had  already  been  partially  ci^rbed  and  he 

made  i"-  his  task  to  bring  the  clerical  population  under  the 

absolute  control  of  the  crovn.   At  that  time  the  Spanish 

tLei^le  had  two  venerated  dogma s,—  religion  and  the  t hr one,  a nd 

his  policj^  v/as  to  strengthen  ^he   throne  and  to  difect  it  toward 

the  prosperity  of  the  people  at  the  expense  of  Rome. 

5:ili  eir 

Charles*  early  efforts  v. ere  principally  directed 

towQrd  the  curtailment  of  those  ecclesiastic  powers  and  influ- 

e 
ences  and  he  directed  his  corregidors  to  be  on  the  lookout 

that  the  clergy  should  not  usurp  the  royal  jurisdiction.   By  . 

decrees  and  proclamations  Charles  confined  the  powers  of  the 

Pope  to  purely  ecclesiastic,  that  is  to  say,  spiritual  matters. 

Absolutists  declared  that  al3  temporal  questions  were  to  be 

decioed  by  the  kin^^  alone,  while  the  ultra-montanfe  party  upheld 

the  supremacy  of  Rom.e .    These  tv/o  parties  struggled  against 

each  other  until  the  triumph  of  the  absolu'^ists  was  signalized 

by  the  expulsion  of  the  Je suite. 

The  Cortes   was  no  longer  ealled  to  assemble  ex- 
honor  ccnn"t 
cepting  to  swear  the  oath  of  allegiance  when  a  new  riler  came 

to  the  throne.    This,  hov/ever,  v  as  only  a  formality  and  the 

only  other  recognition  vvhich  this  body  received  from  royalty 

was  in  the  somewhat  absurd  custom  of  attachin.p:  a  clause  to 


1.   Bourg.,  Vol.  I,  Chapter  III. 


fit'-'"     O.*     Zi^.''^     P.tf  lf?fTT 

ui3 ii        —  ^tftrtev  o 

b*T£.  :  £    •tu©"  fine    9rf:  rT9T-*"n    o*    syTv^  \5jtfo~   3irf 

*    !g»*i»ir  anoi\tiji>up  Ir  r     rloacfA 

.'7. -^•*    fvrtF.   vt  ^  [Rrrtr!*^    «?   •'ylrtn    e  ."  .  <!Jt 

iaweXo  3   r>ffiri  to  mo  i^w 


51 


royal  decrees  and  pragmatics  which  declared  that  "they  would 
have  the  same  force  as  if  they  had  hper   published  b^  the  assem- 
bly  of  the  Cortes."   Up  to  the  time  of  the  death  of  Charles 
III  the  Cortes  had  been  convol- ed  on  only  ^bo  occasione  during 
that  century  and  then  the  letters  of  conve>cation  were  sent  to 
all  the  grandees  and  all  the  titulos  of  Castile  ;  all  the  prel- 
ates and  all  ^he  cities  which  had  the  right  to  a  seat  in  that 
body.   The  two  first  classes  represented  the  nobles  ;  the 
third  all  the  clergy,  and  the  cities  v/ere  represented  by  their 
sheriffs.    The  Cortes  of  the  entire  kingdom  had  not  been  as- 
sembled since  1713  when  Philip  V  convoked  them  in  order  to  have 
troii/^-L*      '*to<^rr  ^n^  ■    '  p^)er3i  of  -^ 

them  ratify  his  pragmatic  sanction.   The  Cortes  of  the  sepa- 
rate kingdoms  and  principali'^ies  were  sometiries  consulted  when 

the  question  of  naturalij^.ing  a  foreigner  came  up,  but  even 
w<^'  ;■ ;  str-- 

then  their  members  communicated  only  be  letter,  without  assem- 
bling.  There  was,  hov^ever,  a  sort  of  standing  committee 
which  was  called  the  "Deputies  of  tlie  Kingdom"  v/hose  original 
duty  it  had  been  to  watch  the  administration  of  a  tax  known  as 
millones  and  who  were  eight  in  number  i;  but  Alberoni  had  tal:en 
away  this  function  so  that  nothing  remained  but  the  titular 
honor  connected  wit|i  the  position.   These  deputies  of  the  king- 
dom  were  elected  every  six  years  ;  Castile  being  represented 
by  six  v/hile  Catalonia  and  !^ajorca,and  Valencia  and  Aragon  had 
one  deputy  between  them.   The  king  used  this  committee  to  an- 
nounce a  new  tax  whiwh  he  chose  to  impose  and  in  t?iis  way  the 
nation  seemed  "^  o  possess  what  looked  like  a  shadow  of  a  Gortes, 


Li: 


a'-^I^Sf[!)  to   i-tBe 


r 


I  a0  »oT 


fta.r(*    '^nr 


r<  ? 


■  !■?      «  '"^ 


.n   ow.-*   9ffT       .  rbod 


9-^- 


:9f)to  nl   O' 


^  V  qillrf^f  rrsriw  ^XVX   ejrrls   b'^Xdrnae 


r.9V9   -^Jid    ,qfj   smflj  isn^ietoT:  ,«s   <\nfsXXfiHj;tan  lo 


tofbrf 


3^. 


but  fell  even  short  of  that.      f  ir:  u!.e  ata.''n!cr.t  ci  r :  .s 

The  three  provinces  of  Biscay,  Navarre,  under  the  :^n 
name  of  kingdom,  and  the  principality  of  the  Asturias  were  ^t 
separate  states  which  had  neither  eastom  houses  nor  intendants. 
All  the  rest  of  the  monarchy  was  divided  into  twenty-six  prov- 
inces, twenty-two  being  of  the  crown  of  Castile,  e.nd  four  of*er 
the  crown  of  Aragon,   Each  of  these  twenty-six  provinces,  ~iw. 
differing  widely  in  area,  had  their  intendant.   There  was  .^ 
still  .another  division  of  the  Peninsula  for  military  purposes. 
There  were  thirteen  governments,  of  which  twelve  v/ere  con-  '  ' 
trolled  by  officers  with  the  title:  of  captains-general  of  the 
province  ;  but  the  commander  of  Navarre  was  called  Vice-roy. 
The  divisions  by  which  the  deputies  of  the  kingdom  were  chosen 
were  the  most  important  administrative  units,  though  the  mod6s« 
of  .^^administration  employed  in  the  kingdoms  of  Castile  afid 
Aragon  differed  wictely.    This  lack  of  uniform.ity  dated  from, 
the  time  of  the  j union  of  those  two  kingdoms.  is 

lowered 5  5'rom  this  it  can  be  seen  that  there  v/as  practically 
no  check  to  the  king's  authority.   The  councils  were  the  or- 
gans of  his  will  and  his  ministers  to  the  agents.   Until  the 
formation  of  a  regular  cabinet  by  Florida  Blanca  in  1787,  the  -- 
king  worked  aepalrately  with  each  minister,  though  under  diffi- 
G-.ulit  circumstances  he  would  unite  in  council  in  order  to  secure 
■y^^^p  combined  advice.    The  achievement  v/hich  Florida  Blanca  ^i 
considered  to  be  one  of  the  greatest  of  his  administration  was 
this  founding  o-""  a  regular  cabinet  and  he  devotes  considerable. 


9T9W  syixuuaA   9ii:f    Ig    v;.;' £IJ3qiaiIi'£^i   9riu    briB    ,no.b^iji  to   dman 
"iu   'xuo't    bn--^    t^lliafeO  'to  tied   owc?-^i-tfiew't    ,aBjni. 

-fTOj    9t9W   9vl'  crfw  to    ,  ^.■*n.<»mrrt9vo:q    rtd© '  *=»W   9t9rfT 

.T^Oi-9oi¥   b&IIiiu   3rjw  jir^iBva?!  to  'XQufiisitiLioj   ©nl    J"iid    i    a^iUvotq 

moit    bate 5  ■^tir-nolxa?;  to  ^loel   afrfT        .vl^filw  hj^tatttb  fto^BiA 


.aniofogni:' 


-10   erft   919W  eXfjnwoj   &rfT        .  l-i  ml 

9rf;f    e'^SVX  .71   fijrfaX.^i  fibtioX«=r  -aidej   tnliSc\&^  a  to  noXc^^iiif'iot 


33 


space  to  enumerating  its  advantages  in  the  Statement  of  his 
administration.   A  ra'^her  significant  paragraph  is  the  one  in 
which  the  great  r^inister  defende  feis  creation  against  its  most 
ahgerous  calumnlat6rs.  '  He  sa\^s,  "According  to  malicious' cen- 
sors the  junta  is  nothing  but  an  invention  to  control  the  free 
choice  of  the  sovereign  and  a  contrivance  by  which  the  -minister 
of  state  may  appropriate  th^  authority  or  every  department  and 
dictate  to  his  colleagues.   Will  not  your  Majesty  have  more 
persons  of  merit,  from  whom,  to  riake  your  choice,  should  some  ® 
candidate  be  recomm.ended  by  the  Junta  who'  di^  not  occur  to  the 
Secretary  ?   Will  rot  your  Majesty  acquire  more  certain  in- 
formation, by  hearing  the   opinion  of  different  ministers, 
Whether  against  some  of  the  candidates  there  rr-ay  be  any  objec- 

r  ■ 

tion,  or  v^hether  there  may  be  nore  aptitude  and  ability  in  some 
than  in  others  ?   Sire,  let  ue  undeceive  ourselves.   ThAse 
who  diminish  their  authority  by  this  investigation,  are  we,'  ■^'*^' 
the  ministers  and  out   dependents,  and  in  proportion  as.-^burs  is 
lowered,  that  of  your  Majesty  rises.   This  is  tlie  truth  and 
the  rest  is  a  mere  pretenee  of  the  ambitious,  to  facilitate 
their  ov/n  views,  by  communicating  with  a  single  person,  or  '^» 
with  the  subaltern,  v;hom  they  may  deceive  or  gairtv^^-^'The  minis- 
ter  of  state  remains  under  control,  as  well  as  the  affairs 
which  are  pointed  out  by  the  royal  decree  ;  and  thus,  far  from 
augmenting  his  authority,  as  is  pretended  by  unjust  censurers,*- 
he  diminishes  it."   This  article  shows  better  than  anything 
else  how  jealously  the  prerogative  of  the  king  was  guarded  and 


9:;                           -^Of!   %il>  od^  8  tint,   eil  'ebl^mia 

,t                              r v^ G 9 vfti   at f?-:t   i^'f   ''l^t"!:  -''^ 

><I^    3i  «iffT        .r.             :ta9(;j3^  *ii/&v  to  f  beiewoX 

s*e  +  tIio*5   ot    |« j;o i .t i cfma   eif:^  to   *^9n9*o*f^  %t**«  ^  «1    "♦•j^***  9*ft 

,.3id^uaneo   iairt'^*-^  ^^  f)«bae:*'ef<i  ax  sis  fi 
Sni/lt^riQ  fT0/{t  Tested                ^Xai.^tf 


54 

that  the  strongest  argument  against  a  minister  or  against  an 
instituffion  v/as  that  the  pov/er  of  the  king  was  curtailed  by 
their  existence.    According  to  Florida  Blanca's  plan  there 
were  to  be  six  ministers  with  the  ?:inlster  of  state  or  foreign 
affairs  at"  their  head/ ^"  There  was  th.en,  the  r-^inister  of 
foreign  affairs,  who  was  also  called  the  first  secretary  of  the 
state  ;  the  minister  of  Y^ar,  who  presided  at  the  council  of 
v/ar  and  reported  to  the  king  ;  the  minister  of  marine,  who 
worked  without  a  council  ;  t'^e  minister  of  finance  v.'hQse  office 
wasj.united  with  that  of  general  superintendent  of  finance  ; 
the  minister  of  the  Indies,  who  had  united  under  him  all  the 
civil,  military,  ecclesiastic  and  economic  government  of 
Spanish  America  and  was  only  responsible  to  *he  council  of  the 
Indies  of  which  he  was  generally  president  ;  lastly  there  vAas 
the  minister  of  grace  and  justice  v;ho  had  control  of  every- 
thing which  pertained  to  magistracj^  and  to  ecclesiastic  affairs. 
Charles  III*s  government  was  characterized  by  its  stability 
for  it  was  said  that  :  "v/hen  the  prince  had  accorded  his  con- 
fidence, incapacity,  poor  success,  nothing  could  make  him  with- 
draw it.   His  miniF.ters  v/ere  nearly  certain  to  die  in  office, 

and  this  security  did  not  tend  in  the  least  to  increase  their 

1 
activity."   In  the  twenty-nine  years  of  his  reign  Charles  had 

buf-  three  different  ministers  of  fetate,  two  of  whom.  Wall  and  - 

Orlmaldi,  retired  voluntarily,  vrhile  *-he  third  survived  the  king. 

1.   Bourg.,  Tome  I,  p.  200.  ^^i- 


<^  "f  o  .-J  4     r'  a  r  '  ,  A 

1:v    "? A •+ p, J, r,.  ■    ,n9''  .  o*39rl   lie  atli^'^tB 

;    ^.  to  ^Iw^ns^nitijcj  :sw 


35 


1 
* :  ;.  ^      The  council  of  Castile  is  first  in  rank  both  as  a 

tribunal  and  as  a  council  of  adnini  F.tration,  for  it    is  the  one 

and  the  other  at  the  same  time.   As  supreme  tribunal,  it  has 

certain  jurisdictions  of  its  own,  receives  appeals  from  other  .. 

tribunals  and  has  the  inspection  of  all  .iii«--JBrior  operations 

which  interest  the  public  v/elfare.  civil 

1i-T;^err   This  sovereign  council  was  composed  of  five  chambers 

c 

or  salas.    ,  ,.^   ^^^   y,^^^ 

■ral  ^^^  first  sala  de  goblerno^  had  nothing  but  adminis- 

,-trative  functions.   This  chamber  also  sent  appeals  to  the 

.second  sala  de  gobierno  or  to  the  chamber  of  justice. 

The  second  sala  de  gobierno  heard  appeals  sent  to  it 
by  the  other  chamber  and  had  charge  of  manufactures,  bridfges 
and  high-roads.        ^  ^^,, 

of        The  third  chamber  was  called  the  "sala  de  mil  y  quin- 
ientos"  that  is,  sala  of  one  thousand  five  hmndred,  because 
those  who  appealed  to  this  t)ody  were  compelled  to  deposit 
fifteen  hundred  ducats,  wiiich  they  lost  if  the  appeal  were  re- 
jected. *. 

have       ^^®  fourth  chamber  was  called  the  "sala  de  justitia" 
and  tried  certain  crises  exclusively. 

The  fifth  chamber  was  called  "la  sala  de  provincia." 
It  judged  the  appeals  of  all  important  cases,  anri  it  tried  all^ 
cases  coming  from,  the  two  civil  lieutenants  of  ''adrid  and  from 


1.   Bourg.,  Tome  I,  Chapter  XII. 
2  .   Bourg  . ,  Tome  I ,  p  .  3:S8 . 


9no   94^   ai  .^:f 

anolta-  'i   lie  •  " 


'Biti?8f/t   ^5^  file 8**    a/i^   bi^IlBj  sew  T:9dfi!»ritf   ^^tvo'^    *i4'i 


■  ( 


".i3i jiiivoT  3X68  sX**    beXiiSi) 

lie   bBln:^   ^t   bna   laa^Bo  5«t^;fioqni?*   XI »  to  «If 


Ji'l 


.IIX   -r     •  :.  .1 


^A 


the  judgments  in  civil  matters  of  the  Alcaldes \de  Cortes. 
These  latter  formed  a  sixth  chamber  known  as  the  sala  de  los 
Alcaldes  de  casa  y  corte,  v/hich  may  be  compared  to  the  French 
Tournelle.   Madrid  was  divided  into  a  certain  number  6f     quar- 
ters, at  the  head  of  each  of  which  v.as  an  Alcalde  de  corte. 
He,:  judged -in  the  first  instance  and  concurrently  with  the  civil 
lieutenants.   The  appeal  from  these  decisions  was  made  to  the 
entire  chamber  de  los  Alcaldes  de  corte  v/ho  alone  could  hear 
an  appeal  in  the  first  instance  in  criminal  matters.   It  v/as 
only  in  extraordinary  cases  that  appeals  were  carried  to  the 
Council  of  Castile.    This  Council  was  the  only  tribunal  which 
recognized  the  grandees  of  Spain  and  all  its  members  enjoyed 
the  rifeht  of  committimus. 

-.,v4T*4.   The  corregidors  were  the  provincial  representatives 
of  the  iaing  and  received  their  orders  through  the  Council  of 
Castile  as  did  also  the  intendants.   The  courfusion  of  these 
two  offices  caused  the  decree  of  ITovember  15,  1766, to  be  issued, 
l^ij;  which  the  corregidors  were  to  exercise  all  the  functions  of 
a  police  and  judicial  nature  ;  while  the  intend ar^ts  were  to 
'^^!i^,JfP-^^E^   0-  taxation  and  revenue.   T?iese  two  officers 
were  the  direct  intermediaries  of  the  crown  and  constituttd  the 
connecting  link  between  the  pcpple  and  royal  councils.   The 
province,  during  the  ceign  of  Charles  III,  had  lost  much  of  the 
political  importance  that  it  had  had  in  the  early  days  of 
Spanish  independence.    The  absolutism  of  this  reign  would  not 
pe'rmft  the  provinces  to  hcve  independent  or  sepatate  governments, 
but  on  the  contrary  they  were  made  to  be  the  secondary  organisms 


3?; 


.  ?»itio'' 


r.'j 


•Tj?f?f<    bl.f/Oj    -^-rfcl:^    Or^^    ?5ttO..;                       ^?..)X^    30l     "^b  T^''                 ''•tltfte 

Sitif   o:?    b9£             ^)10W  aleaqqa   tflrf:^   3«sso  ^i  8t:fxr            :Xno 

DD^otiis   sT'ja'rnon  sri   IX5   bne   ai^q'^    to   39s;.jrii;i?i  snj    D9Axn;aOJ9i 

lo    -^'^ijD   •.:j.'1£5  3    art?    nx    j^-iir,   dij.  '  e^*,,'. aau^: 

.    :  t'»von   BiH't*::q'3e   to    ♦'^oftr: 

i  •3''2xfli:  liihnOjQa    'J.   :     HO     n:     yu 


57 


of.  the  central  government  and  solely  alloweed  to  carry  out  the 
dispositions  made  by  it.    The  province  v/as  really  'he  his- 
torical division  of  Spain  and  Golmeiro  declares  that  "provin-^ 
cial  government,  in  his  estimation,  was  one  of  the  deepest 
m.arks  of  the  Spanish  national  character."   The  duties  of  the 
corregidors  and  intendants  covered  every  branch  of  administra- 
tion and  it  was  to  them  that  the  king  looked  for  the  successful 
working  out  of  his  syfetem  of  government.  -'-'^ 

f^-f-  r      When  Charles  became  king  of  Spain,  the  custom  of 
electing  candidates  for  municipal  as  v/ell  as  provincial  offi- 
cers had  died  out  and  in  place  of  i"*-  a  sysi-em  of  corrupt  and 
venal  practices  had  arisen.   Offices  were  bought  and  sold 
or  inherited  regardless  of  merit  and  r/ere  al\vays  held  by  the 
nobility.    These  conditions  served  ^o  strengthen  the  central- 
government,  but  robbed  provincial  as  veil  as  municipal  govern- 
ment of  all  vitality.   The  Alcaldes  who  reported  to  the  cor- 
regidors or  the  intendants  considered  themselves  to  be  appoint 
tees  of  the  king  and  paid  no  attention  to  the  welfare  of  the 
people  so  long  as  they  could  please  him.    The  Alc^ildes  majores 
generally  presided  at  all  the  municipal  meetings,  though  the 
corregidor  would  often  perform  "^his  function  in  the  residence 
citji  or  town.    In  the  celebrated  instruction  to  the  corregi- 
dors issued  in  1768  those  officials  were   charged  with  the 


1.   D.  y  C".  ,  Vol.  VI,  p.  529. 
a?..  Ibid,  Vol.  VI,  p.  96. 


v-; 


■*■  o  r. 

.  :;f&ntn'isvo3   ic   r;s^3^{3    3iri  to   tl'C   3tiix" 
-        o   Xsljfitvrf.  ^.p  Iti^t  ikhitri  to' 

■?-i£voq.ifc;  90   or   aGvi&e^;:3;ij   ssT^oiarioo  sii'aBune.'ai   a;;J   "xo  2ionijj9i 

3910 cprr:   .-:^;MpjtA    \^T  ,rf»trf   ^^b^I't   ^1  ^   nrto  >b^ 

3^.7  .o^.uoriT    ,3.:_'!XTf-. s'n   Ieqijm:jr.   si,^    £l3    Vij    na.oxaatq;   -/iifiisasa 

9  t-   nTi^   u&^iierii)   eis^w  aiiiijiflo   aeon:   ■  ^oid 


"duty  of  administering  justice  and  were  entrusted  wit''  the 
care  of  -^he  general  interests  of  the  nation  and  particularly 
those  of  the  people.   Thete  existed  nevertheless  a  great  deal 
Of  confusion  of  pov/ers  and  attributes,  but  the  range  of  duties 

was  so  wide  that  it  gave  all  control  and  annulled  all  local 

1 

power,  which  had  lest  vill  Its  importance."    Charles  III  did, 

however,  grant  special  privileges  to  the  ^municipalities  in  the 
decree  of  March  5,  1766.   Following,  partially,  the  advice 
of  Campomanes  and  Osirio,  he  created  two  offices  for  deputies 
elected  by  t'-e  people  and  also  one  syndic.   This  change  was. 
said  to  have  \/6rked  *-o  the  greatest  advantage  of  the  various 
towns  and  villages,  because  of  the  zeal  of  "^hose  chosen  for 
thpir  merit  alone.    The  increased  interest  shown  in  municipal 
eribellishments  and  improvements  marked  this  change  in  the  mode 
of  administration  and  though  Charles  had  acted  only  on  the  ad- 
vlfe  Of  his  ministers  and  not  upon  his  own  convidtions  he  soon 
saw  the  advantages  derived  from  popular  interest  in  public 
affairs.^ 

For  purposes  of  judicial  administration,  Spain  was 
divided  into  two  chanceries,  that  of  Granada  and  that  of  Vala-~ 
dolid,  having  exclusive  jurisdiction  in  certain  matters  in 
these  districts.   Appeals  from  judgments  of  these  chanceries 
were  only  made  when  the  appellant  wished  to  incur  the  risk  of 


Op  ihr'.   J^M^l^J-dt^  ' "J  •■  ^.  •_ 


J.   ^i-1^ 


1.   D.  y  C,  Vol.  VI,  p.  9:^. 
1^.   JBbid,  Vol.  VI,  p.  99. 


v/  d 


I 
t,f>ib   III    a»J  ".e$H3t*^  ieof 

^^  ■    asjitl!^©  owt   oscfsQty  e/i    tOitiaO  \bnii  aisriBntoqfriBO  to 

tOt   ti98  0i^j   fmod^  to  I  a  OS   M:f  to  ^msa^^sd   ,6933X1  Iv   brm   anwo:t 

iL-^ijtnjtw  ftt  i.VffOJi&  cf8'i^&^'^'^i   b9af?!&^4»^rt   e -T        « 'mols  .titf>m  tt«r^.* 

nooe   ari  anox*iikivao^^  itv/o  s.  <j   to-i^  tnbm  aicf  . 

.  atintliii 

'il   art'  liisctiej  iii   rtoi^^^tioax^twt  ^vtt  .Qtiob 


39 


appealing  to  the  chamber  of  one  thousand  five  hundred  or  in 
cases  of  denial  of  justice.   All  the  criminal  cases  of  the 
hildalgos  were  brought  before  these  chanceries.   Besides 
these  chanceries  there  v/ere  six  Audiences^  v/ithout  counting 
the  tribunal  of  Navarre,  called  Royal  Council.   Each  chancery 

r*  )-i  y  \  r-.  -  7..-  :-■   .  ■  ,     ' 

arid  "each  audience  had  a  criminal  chamber  of  last  resott. 

Bourgoing  says  :  "Por  the  rest,  the  limits  of  these 
different  resorts  are  not  sharply  enough  defined  to  prevent 
frequent  conflicts  of  jurisdiction  betv;een  the  diverse  tribu- 
nals.  While  the  Council  of  Castile  lost  no  opportunity  to 
increase  its  authority,  the  chanceries  and  audiences  fought 
against  this  continually."   The  Supplica  was  a  form  of  pro- 
cedure by  which  the  sar-ie  court  revised  its  own  judjment  at 

±_^'    X  ■rf.    ur-''    f\]t  t^^  ](','-*- 

fh.e  instance  of  the  appellant.   It  vms  owing  to  the  labors  of 
Aranda  that  the  abuses  growing  frrm  the  custom  of  making  the 
church  a  place  of  refuge  for  criminals, and  also  the  interfer- 
ence  in  temporal  matters  by  the  clergy,  was  stopped.    The 
Carnara  was  the  great  Chamber  of  the  Council  of  Castile  and  was 
generally  composed  of  tlie  most  ancient  of  the  members  of  that 
body.    It  was  the  intimate  council  of  the  king  and  heard  ques- 
tions of  great  i?nportance,  as  the  Buocession  of  royalty  and 
the  processes  between  different  cities.    The  judges  of  all 
tribunals  were  appointed  by  the  king  *'or  by  his  appointees. 
On  the  whole,  this  system  carried  with  it  very  little  corrup- 
tion, though. the   lowest  class  of  notaries,  known  as  "Escrivanos, 
Jiad  a  deserved  reputation  for  rapacity  and  dishonesty. 


£oq<|o  an  ^aol  eXldas"  o.arft                        Can 

te   ;tff                     ^Q   3-*t  >delYdi.i*W'  a    art*                  ,      ^-rubej 

oalB   ba0«»XBninaii'jj  aiuilj 

lis  'to              t   s^"^        .29l;*ij   :^«eTv:  nodwd'scl  aeaae             j.^:f 

jTonsvifau!?   8b   (twoaji    ,a«i:^:^■c^Ofl  to   i. 

.'ita&fto.ialo  fcflB   ':.?ljfc*78T  to; 


40 


The  Spanish  magistracy  had  a  sort  of  hierarchy,  at 
the  head  of  which  v/as  :he  Cajnara.   Descending  from  this  were 
graded  the  members  of  the  Council,  of  the  chanceries  and  the 
audiences,  the  Alcaldes  de  corte,  the  corregidors  and  finally 
the  Alcaldes  majores,  in  the  order  named.   The  Alcaldes  ordi- 
nario  tried  petty  cases  and  were  euen   robbed  of  this  function 
when  there  was  a  corregidor  or  alcalde  mag  or  in  the  village. 
He  then  became  an  alcalde  pedanio  who  had  arrests  to  make  and 
had  to  carry  out  the  orders  of  the  corregidor.    The  nomina-  .  ^ai 
tion  of  the  functionaries  differed  in  different  localities, 
but  generally  they  were  elected  by  the  municijial  bodies,  though 
they  might  be  chosen  by  lot  or  by  the  hidalgo,  though  the    j. 
Council  of  Castile  could  exercise  its  right  of  nominating  him 
if  it  chose.    The  corregidors  and  alcaldes  majores  were  nomi- 
nated by  the  king  through  the  Gamara.   Camporaanes  instituted 
reforms  for  this  class  of  magistrates  which  increased  their 
efficiency  by  increasing:  their  rewards.   The  corregidors  in 
Madrid  were  appointed  for  life  and  were  but  officers  of  police 
and  never  lav/yers."    "But  in  spi-^e  of  this  complicated  system 
of  magistracy  in  Madrid,  which  frequently  gave  rise  to  conflicts 
of  Jurisdiction,  it  nust  be  admitted  that  there  are  few  capi- 
tals in  Europe  where  the  police  are  better  organized,  where 
there  is  more  security  of  where  crime  escapes  less  often  the 
severity  of  t]ie  laws." 

^-;:,--  -  njr '^■:' r  hirtrTt-    "i>r""  ------  ^.yrt  ^  :,^'  '.  "  " 

Yli^   r  Bourg.,  Tome  I,  p.  350. 


0^ 


9^ffW   cii:..?    !^uiv  a$a«e/  .  -iBme''  axjw  p.  .  ■.    • 

-  r  r    .  r-,  - 


41. 


Oharlea  v  It  is  hard,  to  say  which  oode  of  lav/s  v;as  follo-vved  in 
Spain  during  Charles*  reign.   According  to  old  decrees  the  use 
of  the  RomaTi  code  we.s  ri£,^orously  forhidden  and  yet  many  lawyers 
consulted  it  in  order  to  be  enlightened  in  different  cases. 
Procedure  was  practiced  according  to  Roman  law,  byt  the  only 
authentic  laws  were  those  embodied  in  codes  published  by 
ancient  kings.   The  one  in  general  use  v/as  the  one  knov/s  as  '^^ 
La  ITovissima  Recopilacion, published  in  1567,  which  vms  a  col- 
lection of  diverse  ordinances  of  the  kings  of  Spain   issued  from 
the  earliest  times  to  the  time  of  Charles.   The  alleged  at- 
tempt of  Charles  to  drav-  up  a  criminal  code  was  only  a  propo- 
sition made  by  tbe  Council  of  Castile  to  i»eform  and  revise  the 
ancient  criminal  laws,  some  of  v/hich  v/ere  objectionable,  and 
this  task  had  been  assigned  to  a  comm.ittee  presided  over  by 
Campomanes.   Torture  had  not  been  entirely  abolished  and  one 
Castro  wrote  a  book  in  its  defence  but  was  met  with  violent 
opposition.   Canon  lav^r  ruled  all  ecclesiastic  questions,  but 
all  a*-tfempts  to  bring  temporal  matters  under  i^s  jurisdiction 
v/ere  repressed.    Aranda  comm.anded  all  bishops  and  archbishops 
to  prevent  the  publication  of  any  and  all  papal  bulls  in  Spanish 
without  the  apl^roval  of  the  king.   The  Holy  Office  of  the  In- 
quisition was  still  pov^erful  when  Charles  came  to  the  throne 
and  in  176S  he  issued  a  decree  by  which  all  the  acts  of  this 
tribunal  were  subject  to  the  revision  of  the  king  and  also 
provided  for  ^he  hearing  of  an  author  before  his  boo^  should 
be  condemhed.    But  through  the  influence  of  his  confessor. 


Ik 


to 

>  *  ft :", 'f  ■♦  IT  £3 


^  ■:  -^  9  9 '1 0  9  f)   bi  0   0  no  ,i i^A 

.'        ■■•'t^   *9'!   ^"^'.r  .•.i;^r;o'; 

as   ?:wQr!.        ■  ;w  9s.m-   iiSiona^  ■•  ^sit 

'  rtl    eXItfrf  laqaq  Ilfi  hrrs  ';'nB  ^o  jlldisq    :  wetq  o:t 

^3ir{-*    "^O    Si  OS    9rf-t    III? 


t  '^icj    2irl  to   tonswllnl    erf 


^ 


Charles  was  persuaded  to  repeal  this  salutary  law  shortly  af- 
terwards, and  it  was  not  until  1770  ^hat  a  second  decree  was 
issued  by  which  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Inquisition  v/as  limited 
to  crimes  of  heresy  and  apostasy  and  it  was  also  provided  that 
no   subject  of  the  king  could  be  imprisoned  by  the  Holy  Office 
without  his  guilt  being  proven.  ,  .,, 

In  summing  up  the  characteristics  of  the  legislative 
and  judicial  institutions,  it  is  apparent  that  the  salient 
and  predominant  one  is  absolute  and  entire  lack  of  system. 
Even  the  prench  system,  before  the  Revolution,  presented  no 
such  complications  as  did  that  of  Spain.   This  was  due  not 
only  to  the  peculiar  development  of  government  iri  the  fenin- 
sula,  but  also  tb'  the  fact  that  a  number  of  kingdoms  were  u- 
nited  under  one.  crovm,  all  of  which  had  different  institutions 
and,  naturally,  impressed  some  of  their  characteristics  upon 
the  national  government. 

Charles*  broad  plan  was  to  exercise  his  absolute 
pov/er  to  rid  Spain  of  Church  control  and  to  destroy  social, 
economic  and  administrative  abuses  v;hich  had  taken  deep  root 
in  that  country.   He  and  his  ministers  believed  that  the  wel- 
fare of  the  nation  lay  in  abstblutism  and  Florida  Blanca  said  : 
"No  matter  hov^  pressing  the  need,  be  careful  not  to  call  the 
Cortes  for  they  would  soon  be  our  masters." 

'^'..r  -'':(■    c\>]  ^  1-.  '  tu  ''i.>  -  '--^     -'r 

1.   Bourg.,  Tome  I,  p.  205. 


on  a; 

» ■  t  ■. . ' '  V  "    -t  [  t If -:5    •?  i .rf    t Kf o ii t  i  w 

-rtlne^   ari-t    az    tnerr;m9vo-^  to   Ineniqolsvab   Tr'iif;j^..7   erf?    ot    '^f'!0 

fVallBd  8-j«t«irti{ii   air: 
X 


^ 


CHAPTER  IV. 

IMi^USTRIES  Kl^D   AGRICULTURE. 


The  reforms  so  generally  instituted  by  Charled  III 
for  t'he  benefit   of  industry  and  agriculture  had  begun  during 
the  peaceful  reign  of  his  half -"brother,  Perdlnand'  VI  ;  though 
the  changes  made  v/ere  not  nearly  as  sv/eeping  or  as  beneficial 
as  those  made  by  the  younger  brother.   The  increase  of  the  na- 
tion-^s  Y/ealth,  especially  with  respect  to  agriculture,  was  one 
of  the  constant  aims  of  Charles,  and  he  tried  both  by  substan- 
tial works  and  by  a  splendid  example  to  encourage  and  foster 
a  love  for 'af^rfcultural  pursuits.  '  The  "gardeBs  which  he,  the 
Prince  of  the  Asturias,  and  the  Infant  had  planted  and  cared 
for  with  their  own  hands  is  a  good  example  of  the  particular 
interest  he  tbblc  in  agriculture.   Tn  his  famous  Statement, 
Florida  Blanca  declares  that  agriculture  is  the  first  and  m.ost 
secure  source  of  subsistence  of  man  and  of  the  real  prosperity 
and  wealth  of  the  people  and  that  the  works  of  the  would  as- 
tonish and  surprise  posterity.   Spain,  constantly  exposed  to 
droughts,  could   not  hope  to  become  agricultural  until  irriga- 
tion had  been  introduced  in  those  province^  where  the  Infrequent 
rains  made  it  impossible  for  the  cultivator  to  reap  the  fruit 
of  his  labors.   The  minister  then  continues  to  enumerate  the 


Ill   fesinfiifO  ^ff  betwtt.tsni   '^IXBi6»ft9a  c  olst 


I 

^'0  'jco  8jr  5.t3nOv  'to 

t  yi'^ni    u;'. -*■    'i'i','  fvv    o  Ki '!  J.  vui'\i    ^^■'' '■ 


44 


great  irrigation  v/orks  undertaken  during  his  ministry,  but  as 
they  are  all  either  described  or  mentioned  in  the  chapter  on 
public  v/d)rks  it  .ill  suffice  to   say  that  they  were  considered 
to  be  the  the  greatest  works  of  their  kind  and  in  some  instances 
comparable  to  those  of  the  old  Romans.   Charles  III  did  not 
confine  his  activities  to  the  building  of  public  works  for  the 
benefit  of  agriculture,  b^it  seeing  that  his  people  needed  in- 
struction in  the  art  of  cultivating  the  soil  so  as  to  produce 
more  abundantly,  he  established  a  school  of  agriculture  at  the 
royal  residence  of  Aranjuez  and  according  to  Florida  Blanca 
the  good  results  were  plainly  visible,  at  the  time  he  was 
writing  his  Statement.   He  says  :  "We  see  arid  lands,  to-day, 
covered  with  several  million  olive  trees,  other  lands,  which 
are  m.ore  fertile  are  set  aside  for  the  raising  of  cereals,  and 
those  which  are  situated  on  a  low  level,  and  therefore  damp, 
are  transformed  into  orchards  or  fields  bearing  mulberry  trees, 
flax,  hemp  and  all  possible  kinds  of  fruits  and  vegetables." 
After  enum.erating  many  other  advantages  and  improvements  made  at 
the  royal  agricultural  college,  he  continues  :  "The  great  works 
which  Your  Majesty  ordered  me  to  execute  in  order  to  attain  the 
highest  degree  of  perfection  and  utility  with  respect  to  agri- 
culture, are  and  always  will  be  an  eternal  monument  of  your 
solicitude  for  the  progress  and  amelioration  of  the  farms. 
Perfectly  constructed  wine  and  oil  presses  are  used  for  the 

1.   F.  B.,  Statement. 


6#ii>«i 


^«eia 


ton  f>: 


^IdB'f 


ia    erf:* 


tlfjfi<^ 


-it>v&e 


It   «^i 


TB 


9-:ttij 


45 


manufacture  of  those  products,  and  they  are  stored  in  icimense 
barrels  and  vessels  holding  many  thousand  arrobas.    All  this 
is  only  a  model,  or  rather  a  practical  school  of  agriculture, 
where  Your  Majesty,  as  the  first  cultivator  as  well  as  the 
most  experienced  farmer  in  the  agricultural  industry,  instructs 
your  subjects  in  the  profession,  v/hich  is  without  a  question, 
the  most  necessary  to  the  prosperity  of  the  kingdom."    If 
the  above  extracts  se^m  to  be  animated  by  self-interest  or  de- 
sire  to  flatter,  it  is  easily  seen  from  the  decrees  and  edicts 
issued  by  Charles  III  that  he  did  try  to  achieve  these  ends 
which  his  rninister  said  resulte.d  b,e,cau^e,  of^his  reforms. 

The  Most  Catholic  Kings  fortified  the  liberty  and 
proprietary  rights  of  the  peasants,  but  did  not  remove  the 
crave  obstacles  which  the  Middle  Ages  had  placed  in  the  way 
of  agricultural  progress.   In  1490  the  people  of  Granada  were 
forbidden  to  enclose  their  lands,  nol'vwere  they  allowed  to  take 
the  grass  or.  natural  fruits,  withoutv a  , special  permit  from  the 

J,  I'   .-•  via.  •.  i.   i 

king.    All  cattle  and  sheep  were  allowed  to  roam  over  the 
agricultural  lands  and  the  rights  of  the  cultivator  v/ere  to- 
tally disregarded.    Such  was  the  state  of  affairs  v/hen  Charles 
III  came  to  the  throne  and  with  him  began  the  emancipation  of 
agriculture  from  that  destructive  cu-rse,  the  Mesta.   The  Mesta 
was  a  guild  or  society  composed  of  large  landed  ]?^,ppr4etors, 
monasteries  or  rich  individuals  who  had  banded  themselves  to- 

.1.   F.  B.  »s  Statement. 


[vr 


O'-'.e     9ff  ^ 


'iT^V- 


4^ 


together  for  the  purpose  of  protecting  their  distructive  pas- 
ture-rights granted  them  during  the  Middle  Ages.   The  right 
to  drive  their  cattle  or  sheep  through  the  country  without  ~ 
regard  *"0  proprietary  rights  remained  undisputed  .until  Campo- 
Aan^s  and  Floriaa''Biiftc^"  a^taci^d  this'gf§at  evil.    - --  ■  •  ■ -' 
In  the  years  1766  and  '67  the  Council  of  Castile  is- 
sued a  statement  of  the  causes  of  the  decadence  of  agriculture 
and  sugges^'ed' remedies  for  its  betterment.   Campomanes  al'^6 
drew  up  plans  for  the  improvement  of  the  condition  of  the  peas- 
antry and  his  first  step  was  to  limit  the  power  of  the  Mesta. 
'feourgoing  in' spealtihg' of  this  institution  s4ys  ":  "This  abuse 
does  not  only  benefit  the  rich  and  powerful,  but  also  promotes 
idleness  and  the  short-sighted  interest  which  causes  the  pas- 
turing of  sheep  to  be  preferred  ^o  the  progresv?  of  agricul- 
ture."   The  unhappy  province  of  Estremadura,  which  could 
easily  support  two  million  people,  had  only  about  one  hundred 

thousand,  this  scarcity  of  inhabitants  being  attributed  entire- 

2 

ly  to  the  privileges  which  -^he  Mesta  enjoyed  in  "^his  region. 

In  1778  decrees  were  issued  to  the  people  of  the  new  settle- 
ments In  the  Sierra  Morena  permitting  them  to  fence  in  their 
farms  "so  that  the  new  settlements  would  not  have  to  experience 
the  evils  which  afflicted  the  rest  of  the  kingdom.   By  the  de- 
cree of  April  29,  1788,  the  rights  the  fence  in  homestead  lan(^s 
on  which  v/ere  planted  olive  trees  or  vines  v;as  granted  ^o  the 

1 .  Bourg  . ,  I ,  p .  95 . 

2.  Ibid,  Vol.  I,  p.  95. 


Sil^ii   erix        .se.  jfe-'flB 


.liVS     J'j^'X  i    f.  .  ^iJHi^Ki    fiji/XtOi 


ia   8«» 


u   al 


iBi  t>fc5©iciemoi-I  ai   e^fi^l    &d^ 


47 


ovmers.   Forests  and  trees  were   also  to  "be  protected  and  the 
proprietor  was  to  be  allov/ed  to  enclose  his  land  without  hav- 
ing to  obtain  this  privilege  as  a  special  concession.    Al- 
though these  reforms  v/-pre  not  general  In  their  resul-^s  and  men 
like  Bourgolng  and  Townsend  still  perceived  the  bad  effects  of 
the  pastoral  privileges,  a  Spanish  aut'  or  days  :  "Campomanes 
sts  well  as  Florida  Blanca  and  Jovellanos,  Feallzed  the  good 
economic  doctrine   in  this  respect,  and  no  one  can  deny  that 
Ms   good  effect  was  initiated  and  proclaimed  during  the  reign 
off  Charles  III."   "The  proprietary  rights  of  the  peas  ant,*"  i'-*^ 
if  not  established  during  the  reign  of  Charles  were  at  least 
recognized."  -*'** 

vices  r   jp  ^^^g  year  17611  Charles  abolished  the  octroi  taxes 
^d''a^' to' afford  greater  :  facility  for  t  lie' "'nlarke  ting  of  products 
His  decree  abolishing  the  tax  on  grain  when  transportf^d  from 
one  province  to  another  was  issued  in  1766.   JBanvila  says  that 
during  tYiid'irei^n   ''the'-p)riii(llLple   of  ffV6  tr¥(i^'in  all  the 
products  of  the  soil  was  established '■^^•tfhe  principle  of  ru- 
ral proprietary  rights,  and  it  had  also  been  recognized  that 

cultivation  of  the  soil  should  be  Bestricted  only  in  so  far  as 

3 
1^  should  be  required  for  the  public  good."    By  these  restric- 
tions the  author  meant  such  as  *:he  one  made  in  the  decree  of 
February  13,  1785,  "63^' which  the  Lake  of  Llano-Quarte  was  riot 

yr''  JT/ «"/*<:* i\  Vol.  VI,  p.  221. 

2.  Ibid,  Vol.  VI,  p.  224. 

3.  Ibid,  Vol.  VI,  p.  223. 


T^ 


-JA  .fioJtaafjj!  Ill 

nsr.  bn»   a^IweeT  «w  atniolQ^  ea^dt  flQuorl^ 

l>©og  >exiifi©w    ,«onBll^vc  ijbitoll  ee 

:tai©i    tfi  9*iew  B&I*itifiO  to  n^,l9T    or(:t   nrfiiwfe  be/fail'-fBtsn    ■♦or?  tt' 

.     .  fbOT-T  to   "ml"*  -ot  Y^-tiloBt>   lef'^of^   bTOf*  ?^s  oa 

'   8VBS  ftIJ:vnfl6(L       .edV  ^f/eai   ft«w  Ter^tons  ot  eaaivofq  eao 

-  u ' :    ■  '  1  i  J ii  X  -f  ,    L'  6  Its  i:  J.  as  r  2  ^   r;  ii v/  v.  7  jwi.^u*iq 

'i^  tBt   08 'nl   vino  be.tjli*G9«   '^>d   Mttor^:i   lion    f)fft  to   r!Ci:*i?*r!*Iuj 

to   99ij0f5   dtit  Gi   9b©n  sno  ofioi* 

tort  «BW  ^;ftBwO-ociJBlJ  to  ajfaJ  9rf:f  rf;>trfw  'id    ,a  itsincfe'? 


.Xi=: 


46 


allowed  to  spread  over  the  adjoining  territories  for  purposes 
of  irrigation  as  that  had  caused  severe  epidemics  of  fevers^n 
i.atural  n;<  The  public  graneries,  where  seed  for  sowing  was  s 
distributed,  had  been  founded  in  the  sixteenth  century  and  ;b- 
Charles  III,  recognizing  the  value  of  these  institutions,  is- 
sued various  decrees  from  1761  *o  1788  to   purify  their  admin- 
istration and  in  the  last  year  of  his  reign  conferred  their   c 
supervision  on  the  corregidors.   No  land  banks  were  estab-- 
lished,  however,  as  was  the  case  in  most  of  the  other  European 
countries  at  this  time.   The  protection  of  the  rural  districts 
was  in  the  hands  of  a.  sort  of  brotherhood,  known  as  the  Her- 
nanidad,  v/hich  was  founded  by  the  Cathdlic  kings.   The  ser-   , 
vices  rendered  by  this  body  were  of  great  value  to  the  peop4.e 
and  in  order  to  increase  their  powers  Charles  issued  a  decree 
in  1762  limiting  each  '^OMn  to  one  judge,  one  commissioner  and 
one  tax  collector,  so  as  to  diminish  the  preponderant  influence 
of  the  magistracy.    The  duties  of  these  officers  v/ere,  the  " 
prosecution  of  wrong-doers,  the  pretection  of  the  rights  of  ,'~ 
peasants  and  the  supervision  of  the  collection  of  royal  reven- 
ues. 

proprietor  in  order  to  remedy  the  decrease  of  the  population  in 
Spain,  Charles  ordered  that  a  census  be  taiien  by  the  various 
bishops  and  archbishops.   The  result  of  this  first  census, 
made  in  1768,  showed  a  popula-rion  of  9,152,099  inhabit?:.nts,  - 
and  iPlorida  Blanca,  doubting  the  accuracy  of  this  couriit,  caused 
another  to  be  taken  in  1778  showing  that  there  were  10,268,150 


i^ 


.::oso  ituq  to 


''*'*       ^')9"^.>    My      .. 


'T^fOiJ    ^/^ 


{     i  sJi'V  T7- 


a'-T         .  o^iii  1    jlf ©iif  / ij'.' 


,8i,r8£[©j   taiX  r  to   r^iiJBi*" 


jqS 


hMB    ^xfOffsM 


49 


inhabitants.   Even  previous  to  the  firs"^  census,  Charles  had 
begun  ^0  adopt  means  to  increase  his  population  by  bther  than 
natural  nethocffs.   The  colonization  of  the  Sierra  Morena,  a 
district  which  had  hit?ierto  been  the  haunt  of  thieves  and  rob- 
bers, had  been  the  most  notable  of  these  attempts  to  increase 
-  the  population.   By  a  royal  decree  of  April  2,  1767,  a  Bava- 
rian colonel  named  Thurriegel  v/as  authorized  to  collect  a  lar£^e 
number  of  G-erman  Catholics  to  settle  in  the  ^ove  named  dis- 
trictv.'.jjln  this  way  more  than  six  thousand  colonists  of  both 
sexes  were  brought  into  Spain  and  the  wilderness  was  changed 
into  (cultivated  fields.   Many  Greek  colonists  came  into 
Spain  and  the  intendants  and  corregidors  were  told  to  report  on 
the  depopulated  places  of  their  districts  and  to  suggest  nieans 
by  wh  i  ch  t  he  evil  m  ight  b  e  reined  led  *  ns  t  e  Vi  *  9  i  I  f^  -  **  ^  ■     -  ^' 

Of  the  many  impediments  apposed  to  the  development 
of  agriculture,  the  tenure  of  land  in  mortmain  was  one  of  the 
mqst   serious.   There  was  aicivil  and  an  ecclesiastic  form  of 
mor-tmain,  the  former  being  the  result  of  inheritance  by  major- 
ats which  corresponds  to  the  practice  of  entail, and  the  latter 
by  simrle  ecclesiastic  tenure.    In  the  entailed  lands  the 
proprietors  neglected  to  cultivate  their  fields,  caring  little 
whether  or  not  tliey  improved  them  ;  while  the  Church  property  ^- 
w^  of  nQ  econQ;nic  benefit  to  the  kingdom.   Headed  by  Campo- 
maties  a-  movement  against  this  system  of  land  tenure  was  inau- 
gurated and  the  question  was  brought  up  for  discussion  before 
the  Council  of  Castile.   Aft.er  considering  the  question  at 


^^ 


eeiiflfiO   ^BUsaQo   tail  inl 

-cfoi  jafi.fi  a^v^i  Uiil  584  n 4^ i  .  it^^aii) 

■ '/  aesma^XJl"*   e>dl   janij  at-'  ^w  e&K93 

.hQih9m»t   9^^  1  Itv9   sMc^   rfalriw  ^cf 

on:*    '10   eao  i^om  un^i    ' 


50 


some  length,  it   was  decided  by  this  body  that  since  the  lands 
of  the  clergy  were  the  best  cultivated  and  since  the  propri- 
etors of  papal  lands  always  treated  their  tenants  iwi'^h  crre'at 
kindness,  "^he  decadence  of  agriculture  could  ho'  be  traced  to 
the  ecclesiastical  and  feudal  institutibon  of  land  tenure.   As 
f  eiarly  as  1760,  however,  Charles  I'ssiie'd  a  deeYee  by  which  he  • 

defined  the  taxable  lands  of  the  clergy  and  in  1763  he  forbadd^g 

1 
the  further  acqu-isition  of  land  by  the  Church.    On  September 

25,  1770,  a  roual  decree  of  the  Council  was  I'sg'u^d,  't)i*ohIbltlng 
the  city  of  Cordova  from  either  selling  or  giving  any  property 
to  a  religious  order  and  forbidding  the  notaries  to  transfer 
real 'estate  tb'  the  Church,  under  pain  of  deprivation  of  office. 
The  Icing  also  created  societies,  to  which  he  offered  prized  s- 
to  the  author  of  the  best  essay  against  entails.    All  these  — 
??ieasMres  prepared  the  way  for  the  final  abolition  of  this     «^ 
evil  ?i'n_(3    it  v/as  only  six  months  after  Charles  died  that  his 
son,  Charles  IV,  forbade  the   founda^-ion  of  entails  or  the 
perpetuation  of  titles  to  real  estate  without  the  lisenne  of  • 
the  king.  tnis  bo 

The  industries  of  Spain  had  been  the  subject  of  many 
attempts  at  amelioration  since  the  accession  of  the  first  '-^^'-^^ J 
Bourbon  but  the  methods  adopted,  though  well  intentioned,  were 
not,  as  a  rule,  successful.   Louis  XIV  sent  a  large  number 
of  skilled  workmen  to  Spain  so  as  to  introduce  the  industries 


1.  D.  y  C,  Vol.  VI,  p.  284. 

2.  Ibid,  Voi.  VI,  p.  285. 


0€ 


iz.  '  bod    Pi:  ,  : 

sb»cfi©t   t#i  <r6Vi   «i  [   eld:  "   Mnitsb 

f 

aiiii  ^Q  cariSilodB  ierWi   arut   lol'  ''^fiw   »f(*   b«t«Q|qf$l«q  eoiuaBsm 

S19W   ,f)«5noxtn«!tnt   iiev  rf^tforft    |f>t:Jq©b«  eboii^  noriiwoS 

a&i-s^si;ii>  fi   sxf;*   Vv); vT<s^T:ffii   or*  as  08   iii-ov. 


51 


and  arts  of  Prance,  but  the  results  obtained  by  these  methods 
Y;ere  only  temporary.    Instead  of  introducing  foreign  workmen^'' 
Charles  III  tried  ^o  teach  his  own  people  the  i. various  arts 
and  trades  and  in  order  to  more  easily  accomplish  this  he 
limited  the  powers  of  the  guilds  and  corporations,  generally  - 
]-:no"v\Ti  as  gremios.   He  also  decreed  that  *  he  occupations  and 
trades,  which  had  previously  been  considered  vile  and  degrading' 
by  the  nobility,  could  be  practiced  without  causing  the  loss 
of  casts,  nor  did  it  incapacitate  them  for  holding  municipal 
offices.    In  a  decree  of  September  2,  1784,  he  made  illegiti- 
'riacy  no  bar  to  the  learninr  of  an  art  of   trade.    In  1768  the 
manufacture  of  soap  was  made  free  and  in  1777  m.any  other  manu- 
factures were  relieved  of  restrictions.    In  1786  Charles  es- 
tablished textile  schools  and  one  year  later  he  Issued  a  decree 
"S^llowing  textile  factories  to  have  as  many  rooms  as  they  wanted. 

Danvila  says  :  "  'Hhe    freedom  of  manufactmres  needed  only  to  be 

1 
proclaimed  as  had  that  of  agriculture  and  internal  traffic." 

In  spite  of  this  rather  sweeping  statement  of  the  Spanish  his- 
torian we  cannot  help  but  doubt  the  existence  of  this  boasted 
liberty  for  the  days  of  monopolies  and  governmental  enterprises 
Sad 'not  ye-^  pa'^sed.   In  1773  Charles  gave  to  the  g^lass  factory 
of  San  lid^fonso  the  exclusive  privilege  of  selling  it0  pro- 
ducts within  an  area  of  twenty  leagues  in  and  around  Madrid. 
The  cloth  factories  of  Guadalaxara  and  Brihue'ga  h^d  similar 


^1.  ^i?.'*y'C,,  Vol.  VI,  p.  236. 


LjftT     r'vTu 


^Q^M 


■  uif^;^    c\*    h^  ^'>•■ 


■      )'1B 

9  tew 


•II 


hffi-: 


v.i  i»i  £9:b'Xo     a-*     iJrfUi     3v*'  :fi 


ta«jay 


iw  &•. 


ic<^ 


A<J  Ki  ;  •■•* -fr'^     '-.'-f  f  Piji'irf    "sot    f''9r' 


..?  f    P^'fJ"^   "fo^^     ^^i*p.r:■^ 


-  T.J.    ,£    ^'-              98   to    ftt,                                        ;i:'tl4> 

8.i^  8dVX   r           .  .1^  %©  its  «fi                                                     v>n  "^afim 

I 

".jit'::.  >:»fi£i   n'iU^XiP^ttQa  lo             bHA-usbomiBljo%q 

-exrf  ri,3xj:^q8  ©dj'  to   ■?n&Ke|^;fs   ,^*ii.>^^»w« -le^ljBt  atisf.t  "^r-    a-^f-     ,-yT 

be;f3B0cr  3iiW  to  sjciQ^alxQ   er(^  ^rfaoh   ^tfrf  flsiil  ^OfiriJSo   =j*   asito^t 

towjst   5a4iXs  *ri^  OJ    bvb^  a^Iip'-''^  ^'^'~  >"   -''         .  >c.o-f:,                .'.,■    hf.>.,f 

-p^q   i:            iXI&a  '^  0   £>aoIivi'i<^  #wia4/X->  .'-«MI   aiiS  to 

.  bi-ibiiM  bxiiJonEfi  baij,  ax   a«*i/fcfi^X.  vtnsv                                                      ib 


62 


privileges  as  against  the  private  manufacturers.   Many  benefi- 
cial reforms  were  maGe,  howev  r,  and  there  can  he   no  doubt  that 
manufactures  flourished  as  they  never  had  before.   In  a  decree 
of  December  27,  1772,  all  manufactures  of  wool,  flax  or  he)  p 
were  declared  free  of  btll  internal  customs  duties  and  an  export 

of  only  tv/o  and  a  half  percent  \.as  to  be  charged,  while  raw 

end  *'  rf  chir  i 

material  was  to  be  charged  with  the  full  tax  of  fifteen  per  cent 

Another  decree  of  April  6,  1775,  permitted  the  free  importa- 
tion of  hemp  and  flax  as  well  as  the  machines  and  tools  for 
the  spinning  and  weaving  'of  these  materials.    By  a  royal 

decree  of  December  24,  1786,  all  the  sales  of  hemp  and  flax 

libe-  -•' -i--' 

in  the  province  of  Castile  were  freed  from  the  alcabalas.and 

nh!-!rl<="  rpi'Hii'  ;;On^:rc' 

the  cientos.    The  decree  of  1756,  by  which  oaly  the  finest 

wool  cloth  was  exempted  from  taxes,  v/as  so  chcmged  in  1777  as 
to  include  all  the  grades  of  manufacture.   The  manufacture 
of  paper  received  substantial  encouragement  by  concessions 
made  in  1780.    More  privileges  were  granted  to  the  cloth  manu- 
facturers in  1781  and  in  1786  roost  of  the  Alcabalas  and  Cientos 
taxes  on  these  products  were  abolished.    "If  all  the  protec- 
tive measures  adopted  by  Charles  were  enumerated,  the  catalogue;.- 
would  be  very  large,  for  it  would  be  difficult  to  encounter 
an  industry  which  did  not  merit  the  attention  of  the  monarch; 
but  those  indicated  will  sufice  for  an  understanding  of  the 
spirit  and  tendency  of  the  measures  adopted  f4r  the  promotion 


1..   D.  y  €.,  Vol.  VI,  p.  237 
2.   Ibid,  Vol.  VI,  p. 


S3 


-  -  ---    ^  /-*    r-  *C^         ^.  I*,'  ■  ■ 

-  ^  6 ;'  u 'i'^i     ?«;.'.      u.  j.    ,      1 1 "  ,  i>'ai» gi  i  i  y  y  :;?     o  i  vv- 

DUi^Oi;  ^vBTvJ  ?.Si-?B;'  qo|>S    8.e*XJJ8B90l    Svict 


53 


1 

and  protection  of  the  national  industries."    Besides  the 

■■•   fV  I'  >  ■ 

concessions  made  to  private  indiistries,  Charles  III  tried,  by 

his  example,  to  teach  the  people  new  arts  or  new  methods.   He 

spent  large  sums  in  founding  royal  manufactures,  such  as  the 

the  lij:-?r-  "    -is 

cotton  factory  of  Avila,  the  glass  factory  of  San  Idlefonso, 

and  the  china  manufacture  at  Buen  Retire.   This  last  industry 
consumed  large  sums,  but  its  products,  though  good  enough  for 
the  royal  palaces,  did  not  prevent  the  importation  of  foreign 
ware.   Danvila  says  in  closing  his  chapter  on  the  industries, 
"Charles  III  gave  to  the  Spanish  industry  the  protection  and 
liberty  which  it  needed  to  live,  flourish  and  progress." 
Charles  III  was  the  first  Spanish  monarch  to  authorize  and 
protect  the  use  of  a  trade  mark;-..   By  a  royal  resolution  of 
February  18,  \111 ^    and  by  decrees  issued  by  the  Junta  of  Com- 
merce in  the  fallowing  year,  the  affixing  of  labels  on  foreign 
goods  and  on  those  manufactured  in  Spain  v/as  provided  for. 
In  1786  Charles  decreed  the  adoption  of  trade  marks  by  differ- 
ent firms,  so  thfet  the  quality  might  be  known  by  the  purchaser 

C  sr 

and  all  those  using  false  or  misleading  marks  should  be  de- 
nounced  to  tjie  justices  so  as  to  punish  and  correct  this  fraud. 
Colmeiro,  in  speaking  of  the  industrial  conditions 

under  Charles  HI I,  says  :  "The  principle  of  controlling  in- 

4 

dustry  gave  v/ay  to  that  o^f  freedom  as  developed  by  Adam  Smith"; 

-1.  D.  y  C  .,  Vol.  p.  238. 

2.  Ibid,  Vol.  VI,  p.  240. 

3.  Ibid,  Vol.  VI,  p.  242.  , 

4.  Colmeiro,  Vol.  II,  p.  356. 


T  T  T     ■->  -,  r '  , 

^i   '^     8  6    rf^cra      ,  J0l:t;rf 

<■■•''■  c 


•'t/fjnoj 


^irie    9sx\  ot  rfotfinon  rielnBqR   JtB-xit    srt:^    sew 

.  Irrr  TO    e 

*Bgv*    .  i    ,ioV    ,  . 


54 


l^j^l^^.he  continues  at,  another  point  that  since  the  time  of  Philip 
V  there  had  not  been  a  single  writer  of  note  who  advocated 
free  trade.    Colbert  was  the  model  statesman  for  the  Spaniards 
of  the  eighteenth  century  and  their  great  aim  was  to  follow 
the  lines  of  his  policy.    r'-'i  <■ 

The  regulation  of  mines  \7as  another  task  undertaken 
by  Charles.    In  the  year  1783  the  Junta  general  de  Commercio, 
Modeda  y  Minas,  upon  an  application  for  a  license  to  discover 
mines,  made  by  a  citizen  of  Valencia,  issued  a  decree  by  which 
it  was  made  a  law  not  to  grant  licenses  of  that  kind  to  indi- 
viduals, because  of  the  abuses  v/hich  arose  therefrom.    By  a 
royal  decree  of  August  15,  1765,  in  recognition  of  the  growing 
importance  of  coal,  variois  advantages  were  granted  to  the  ^ 
owners  of  the  coal  mine  of  Villanenva  del  Rio.    "The  ordi- 
nances for  mines,  the  considerable  reduction  of  the  price  of 
quicksilver  and  the  propagation  of  the  natural  sciences  in 
Spain  to  such  a  degree,  that  when  hardly  a  year  had  passed  af- 
ter^ the  death  of  Charles  III,  his  august  successor  was  able  to 
declare  the  products  of  the  coal  mines  to  be  free  and  also  to 
emancipate  its  traffic  both  by  land  and  by  sea,  affirming  the  ^ 
fundamental  principles  on  which  was  to  rest  all  modern  legisla- 

C 

tion."  :;Rtini/es,  ' 

r/riv  I'Tt^  The  influence  of  the  gremios,  which  were  guilds  or 
corporations  formed  for  the  protection  of  various  trades  or 

~ii.""ain<.e~t  (•?»  v©f,.*.-:  -  -  -  <-'-r  --------- 

1.  D.  y  C,  Vol.  VI,  p.  520. 

2.  Ibid,  Vol.  VI,  p.  522. 


G  I."    .jiitaixtla   ,«»»   ^cf   bns   brtei  tod   alltstcf   8*1:   #isqJt;)n8m9 


.0 


55 


industries,  v/as  greatly  weakened  during  the  reign  of  Charles 

III.    These  institutions  v/ere  a  great  .  hindrance  to  all 

material  development  and  naturally  drew  upon  themselves  the 

attacks  of  all  enlightened  men  of  thcbse  times.   All  trades 

were  tinder  the  absolute  control  of  their  respective  guilds  and 

the  most  stringent  rules  governed  the  members.   The  marquis 

of  "Ensenada  had   attempted   to  reform  tlie   gremios  bpt  public 

opinion  was  against  this.    The  Count  of  Campomanes  attacked 

guild  organizations,  and  although  other  authors  defended  them, 

they  could  not  prevent  Jovellanos  from  censuring  them  and 

proclaiming  the  liberty  of  arts  and  trades,  which  prevailed  in 

the  end,  following  the  example  of  countries  which  were  the 
bec^iustp  or  trteir  nvper:  •,  ,  incjCESe  th-^ 

most  enlightened  and  progressive.   The  most  important  guild 

in  Spain  was  the  one  in  Madrid,  known  as  the  Ginco  Gremios 

mayores,  which  besides  having  many  monopolies,  did  nearly  all 
to  tnci^f    ,  .p.s.    Tm^    *^ir.«.t  potj     .  unded  i*--  npajii 

of  the  banking  business  before  the  foundation  of  the  Bank  of 

§an  Carlos.    Instead  of  promoting  the  industries  and  procur- 
ing work  for  the  Spaniards  in  the  factories,  the  Cinco  OrFmios 
mayores. constituted  a  large  commercial  association,  which  only 

cared  for  its  own  interests,  disturbing  with  its  large  capital 

2 

both  the  foreign  and  internal  comjnerce."    The  Spanish  author 

u  r  *:  ■ . e  ! ' ft  V  -in e    5^ 0  c  i  v^ 
then  continues,  "As  soon  as  Charles  decreed  the  liberty  of 

agriculture  and  industrial  pursuits,  the  guilds  lost  their 
raison  d'etre,  and  the  spirit  of  control  and  monopoly,  charac- 
teristic since  the  beginning  of  their  legal  existence,  gave  way 
to  the  principles  of  economic  liberty,  which  has  contributed  so 

1.  D.  y  C,  Vol.  VI,  p.  245. 

2.  Ibid,  Vo]  .V.I,  p.  243. 


X-j    0.'     ■■..>  itf'iin;  c. .  .  r.  TI 

a                  '            -  tit   bsnuc^  :    ila«  Xi^   ^o  a^Hi^^^Q 

bfia   abXiu^  9\rt^a9qa8i  tidff^t  to  loi^nou  »twXo8(fa  ^                         :!3\f 

>ialjg&iO  oofiiO  d/f-t  8b  nwoini   t'>-t'«^«M  nl    eno   ©r(;t   ai^w  r^tQqP^  cii 


56 


much  to  the  prosperity  of' the  nation.    This  result  was  solely 

•  to  ^- e r  1  ve  t! '«  *;rt» a t « i> v  ' •  e r i' ni  .  '■  -  -  *- 

due  to  the  econoinio  policy  initiated  during  the  reign  with 

which  v;e  are  dealing." 

As  characteristics  of  the  changes  wrought  hy  Charles 
Ill  and  his  ministers  may  be  taken  the  founding  of  the  numerous 
economic  societies  in  nearly  all  the  larger  cities  of  the  king- 
dom.  These  societies  were  composed  of  the  best  and  most  en- 

The  royj.  • 
lightened  subjects  of  the  kingdom,  whether  laymen  oi*  ecclesi- 

astics.   The  encouragement  given  these  creations  of  liberalism 

by  the  government  is  a  good  proof  of  the  sincerity  of  Charles 
entlrdlv  v.ith  tn^      ■  wf  i,  ."pref^d 

III  in  his  desire  for  the  welfare  of  his  people.   The  clergy 

because  of  their  superior  talents  did.  much  to  increase  the 

usefulness  of  these  societies,  though  the  nobility  having  been 

aroused  from  their  long  period  of  idleness  gave  great  prestige 

to  those  institutions.    The  first  society  founded  in  Spain 

was  that  known  as  the  Sociedad  Bascongada,  being  composed  of 

■jn  of  C^.  '^e  I  ecjpjc  .vnc  ?(.■  c!  Blnii- 

people  of  that  province.    Iti  August  of  the  year  1765,  this 

society  received  the;,  approbation  of  the  king  and  Peha  Florida 

who  had  shov/n  great  zeal  in  the  promotion  of  this  enterpi'ise 
port  art      re^,  ^icn  t*.^  t>\at  of  Jul:'  9,  IV  ■  the 

was  nominated  its  ftrst  president.    In  1766  he  published  an 

essay  of  the  Basque  Society,  dedicated  to  the  king,  in  which 

he  enum.erated  the  ,  objects  of  the  society.   Besides  dwelling 
tier..    The  or<-^Mii»Tf  •••*  ,  1779,  v/'.\':..h  fcrhade    the    Ir- 

on the  necessity  of  encouraging  agriculture  and  on  the  facili- 
ties offered  by  the  Basque  provinces,  '^he  author  discoursed 

on  various  agricultural  topics,  as  pell  as  the  planting  of 

i.  ,  VI, 

trees.   His  second  memoir  deals  with  commerce  and  industry 


3  a 


fsi 


<'.r      It  r-i 


•  afn^i 


xnw 


'.  i 


i     'liii-J\     9A^      -^     ^auv"; 


»f{;t  to  ftoltsffo'i 


as   bsfl.'iiioi;^   en  cjcjVI  nl 

djiffvr  ni    »^ii  bs:fejll>«b   ,^2t9too8   ©upaBft   aft;t  lo  ^jaaas 


j« '-    t-f;  ;    no    Dii 


:;j3B^ 


(3  'J  sn:  .1.       ji  y.     y  u'i'^  lUiiU  J 


57 


and  the  necessity  of  uniting  the  latter  with  agriculture  in  or- 
der to  derive  the  greatest  benefit.   The  third  memoir  deals 
with  public  sanitation  and  the  ravages  of  small-pox  at  Azcoitia 
Jn  the  years  1762  and  1763  ;  and  lastly  Florida  Pena  wrote   on 
domestic  econony  and  incidentally  described  a  pnuematic  machine 
for  the  preservation  of  meat.    The  Improvements  wrought  by'"' 
this  society  in  the  educational  system  are  described  in  another 
chapter.   The  royal  ordinance  authorizing  the  establishment 
of  this  society,  dated  April  8,  1765,decl8t?ed  expressly  :  "that 
the  purpose  of  these  meetings  v/as  very  laudable,  conforming"' 
entirely  with  the  maxime  which  the  king  is  trying  to  spread 
among  his  subjects  for  the  progress  of  arts  and  sciences.   His 
Majesty  would  even  like  to  see  that  the  example  set  by  the  no- 
bles of  the  Basque  province  would  be  imitated  by  those  of  en- 
other  provinces  of  the  kingdom,  by  causing  to  be  established 

2 
societies  which  v/oulc  be  equally  useful  to  the  state."    At  the 

suggestion  of  Campomanes  the  people  of  Madrid  founded  a  simi- 
lar society  in  1776  and  as  all  the  princes  of  the  royal  family 
became  members  it  soon  possessed,  great  influence.   Many  im-  :  e 
portant  measures,  such  as  that  of  July  9,  1778,  forbidding  the 
importation  of  hats,  gloves,  stockings  or  sashes  for  men  and 
other  manufactured  articles  v/ere  proposed  by  the  vadrid  socie- 
ties.  The  ordinance  of  March  24,  1779,  v/hlch  forbade  the  im- 
portation of  all  kinds  of  wearing  apparel,  etc.,  as  well  as 


1.  Muriel,  Vol.  VI,  p.  105. 

2.  Ibid,  Vol.  VI,  p.  106. 


Iseig   9"fu    9vln»b  o«t  19  b 


va 


3l»9i)  tlofrten;  inirrt   ^^        .tt"t«n 

^ntiiv»Bm  jJt;fsmdJjfW|  s  be<fiiac9*i   ^^Ilatnobi^rti   bits  two«au#  oicfaemob 

tfiSfivfalldetae    Si  5itori*U'  'itJbto   Xsvot   srfT        .i9:tqsrfy 


■an 


•  -r^i     1  n     n  i-"  Ci' 


or'->      -Vi^T- 


to   9;:. 


•lit    -A  '' .  *afc»i3a   ^iiiJ  o:f   Iyl98w    /li  ,^iji©ij08 

-imis   s   b#bn«ot    bttbsM  "^o  ^Iqosq   9ff.t   RarremoqmB.O  lo  noltaft-^^i/a 

-'i  .doatj-wlliii    -'A>^'*ri>   be&a^^soq   ffooci   ,tl    ^-iwrimwht  9ii}fi;>ed 

erl^  ..'l*xol    ,BVVI    ,6   ^iXUt  *to    tarf?    a®  rfons    ee9i>iaiJ9ifr   trtfiiioq 

fvf^.    y....-,    -*.'\    ,^er{3kf'.   %o    a;'^'*':  t        ■  t  ■••f^  *  . 

-nti    9ri:f    9bJ8cfnot    ^^\A^    t^'^^"'^    t*'S   rf^'fr  -bio   srfT         ,-::ei.:f 


Is  If 


56 


that  of  March  18,  1763,  declaring  the  trade  of  a  tanner,  black- 
smith, tailor,  shoe-maker,  etc.,  compatible  with  nobility,  were 
suggested  by  the  patriotic  societies.    The  Council  charged 
these  bodies  v/ith  examination  of  the  regulations  and  corpo- 
rations of  the  merchants  and  of  the  hospitals.    In  the  memoirs 
of  the  Madrid  society  every  topic  of  agriculture,  industry  and 
commerce  was  discussed  ard  prizes  v/ere  given  to  those  who 
offered  the  best  solutions  for  the  various  problems.   Care 
was  taken  to  introduce  all  the  best  economic  works  of  foreign 
countries  and  all  sorts  of  weaving  and  spinning  machines  were  t 
imported.   The  government  and  the  individuals  of  the  society 
contributed  large  sums  of  money  to  found  a  loan  bank  where  poor 
wome-n  mit^ht  obtain  the  means  to  buy  raw  materials  for  this 
spinning  and  weaving.   The  societies  founded  by  the  most  en- 
lightened women  of  the  nation  were  mainly  active  in  educational 
branches,  though  by  their  resolution  to  wear  nothing  that  was 
manufactured  outside  of  Spain  they  are  entitled  to  credit  as 
having  aided  the  industries.    The  pairriotic  society  of  Madrid 
had  imitators  in  nearly  every  large  town  and  in  1787  there  v/ere 
as  many  as  fifty-four.    In  conclusion  it  might  he  said  that 
these  economic  societies  ought  not  to  be  judged  so  much  by  what 
they  did    (which  was  by  no  means  insignificant)  ,  hut  rather 
by  the  tendency  of  the  times  v/hich  they  indicated.   For  it 
showed  that  Charles  III  saw  that  after  all  the  welfare  of  the 

1.   D.  y  C,  Voi.  VI,  p.  108. 


-ocjiuw    one   ^iiGxd-«34.:jj^s-i   i^i  :ox;:6aini^.c;;>  .iJi^  esxjOOcJ    saynr 

aTXoiJSfn  srfi  ill        .  iIa:^itiQQii  ©rft  t<^  ^a  «|j!Bff;n«R!  aiii  to  a«ojfe*Bi 

btia   v'l.tafibnt ,  ,9*iiitI'Jjl*i^B  to   jigo*   ^^T9V9  vtstjoM   fet^'^sM   erf:*  1o 

•w- 

Y;),«ijoa   9x1)  tfO  aleu&ivibeii    ©/fit    knn  Jarniat&voisi  Bd'i       .bstioqml 
tool    9'i9r{v/   Tirfsj^f   ffGol    B    firtaoT    ut   vqnom  to    Sftma   e^lfll    bectir'^tTcfaoj 

lijnii "^3 j»rh9    •"  t    «^.vt-*".53     'l/iiara   -'-"raw   rfo  c^an    ^rf+   lo    nefffo^?   h9n?>:^^f'■JtI 

oa   .^tbeia   o^   feelti:tns   dts  ^©niit   nit  )ta:fjJO   bQt^cfa':Jljjnfln 

©low  9tdfii.  ti:>TX  at  biija  nwuj   s^isx    i*xs^va  a  ni   a-ionti^^iri   r^/i 

*Sffw   >^d  rio.iriv<   (jR    &S3bjLr{>  sd   o.t    ♦on:  fn'^rro   r.^oM '^i^op.    jf^cnoj^    989rft 
■ ;'  ,    (;*lt8ji'txn.;§i3al   3.i«idir.  ^.  jx,iV/;        i>XD  ywU 


.3( 


59 


people  lay  in  their  own  efforts  and  that  he  could  only  direct 
them  into  the  right  channels. 

PUBiaC   \90RKB. 

^.one  c"t,',er    -'  -    p,Tve.leBt   ev..-       '   "^ra^'-i  J=^i'-   etv:..:.4..    -  -  ;  t-    ^ne  the 

eral   leek  oi    tr  tsti^n   teciliti^s   *fhiih  mad*    ir  ter- 

{;rovinclal   tr^oe   elr^^-  The   r'^  re   so   Vad 

it*   1760     •  "her   tooo   rr&ducte   voux..   it    .riij:?  ported 

tr^^vei   by  carria,  es  vivr   &li»!OSJt 
r.own.         Evt/f     f  f»    .lt*'"P    aa    I7br   fr>^/.*r  ^ovlrxiiil    ti 

v-«i  V    r^riOV'ed    i;    Ai^h.    t,yju    that    vf.e    cc:i>.::^'S    oa    irec    t-ri^'je    ccvxci 

cd    untiJ  ru«^d^   had   beer   pu^    into   cordltion 

fit    fijr  wagon   *rvr,fc^ort. 

Charj.-fc>    ill    fruiij   :.t.e    re.yiLrai^ii    C'3'   i.i^    leigr.    ^>tuwiaci 
.  .'■  defect   ar:('   has   e«,riivr  inirUt5*-.^rs,    r;ot&t)i. 
..  il^M  Li    a-id    C-rimti'^ri,  -Mp^-rfd    tc    improve    ^he   corcitiortr 

t:!  r  */ .  tLavicuG   una      rgr  t^ived    "'le 

entire  rev*^^ue  derivcc.  i'ro'  i.«il   tax-        T..i&  wo\  to 

■^en   1 
Ar  c  «  r  f*   V  v  i.  e  r  c  1 1^  - 

Fver:   *h**«p  "$   portiL>';  , 


ea 


rto    hj 


60 


r  »' »  •  CHAP i&R  V.  f  Fj{  jU-'^'tn'!' 

n    uf  i^art,  yl  tl   PUBLIC  WORKS.    ,,  j,;  Cau:  ^,  ^^i..  ixa^rv, 
the  Bf  to  th« 

^Isc^.  .    Next  to  the  oppressive  system  of  taxation  and  cus- 
.tome  duties  the  greexest  evil  of  Spanish  economic  life  was  the 
general  lack  of  transportation  facilities  which  made  inter-  o?- 
provincial  trade^  almost  irnpossibla.   The  roads  were  so  bad. 
in  1760  that  grain  and  other  food  products  could  be  transported 
only  by  beasts  of  burden  and  travel  by  carriages  was  almost 
unknown.   "HJyen  as  late  as  176^  j^hen  the  prpyinc,4.al  #ouanes 
were  removed  it  was  said  that  the  benefi*:s  of  free  trade  could 
not  be  appreciated  until  the  roads  had  been  put  into  condition 

fit  for  wagon,  tjrai^sporj..^  ......yv  ei  -'     ^..-   .....   

-®re  ©r^   Charles  III  from  the  beginning  of  his  reign  studied 
to  remedy  this  defect  and  his  earlier  ministers,  notably 
Sq^j^llg^^^j  and,  Crr^malc.i,  att«Bipted  to  improye^the  conditions 
of  internal  communications  and  for  this  purpose  received  the 
entire  revenue  derived  from  the  salt  tax.    This  amounted  to 
about  150, 000 ^OUQds  annually  and  in  h^s  Memorial  Florida  Blanea 
points  oi^t  that  in  the  nineteen  years  prior  to  his  administra- 
tion "only  ten  leagues  were  completed  of  the  road  betv/een 
Aranjuez  and  Valencia,  the  same  nuriber  in  that  of  Barcelona, 
about  three  from  Corunna,  and  less  than  one  in  the  road  to  An- 
dalusia.  Fven  these  scanty  portions,  those  of  the  royal 


OS 


Jbsd  o«  fttsw   a.(:>aoi   en'T        .  slfixseoqmi    taomla  ©b*^'  '    r  • :  .,<   rr-^-r-^r 

ba^ioqacatt   arJ  ^Isjoa   a^taaboiq  i>ool   T9ff.:fo   hna  aiai^   ^axj^   G^VI   fix 

taomls   ?5»w  se  !ijJtii»j  )jrf  l^rati   hns  nebiJjtf  to  a:taa©€j  x^  \;Xno 

8f>rteiiOB  Isi^filvotq   sfK't  nmiw  <5dVI   8a  s^al   sf?   iiev:!        .  rnvorrXnir 

oi^joa   afMiitf-   esft  1o  Q'ttQnsd  9dt   ifasi^   biaa  saw  cfl   b«vofa©i   ataw 

noitibaoo  o^ni    -^uq  need  feerf  3i)60i  »r(^  liin.y   bactaijatqqe   ad  *0n 

.  j-ioqanai^  nogaw  toI    ■^r'^ 
Jbeibw^a   n^l^i  aid  to  3.atanx§ed   adc^  moit   Til   asIteriO 

3noitit>KOj   erfc*'    svotqpii    o^    ba:?q(fia^^s    ti-^^&f^^tO   b«a   x^^jb  i"  ^ '■"^^'^ 

ar{i   beviej-Hi  Qsoqatrq  elri^f   lot      beta  anoxia oinumiHO^i  lantejai 

0?   "^etfiwonia   airiT        .xait   d'lao  tdt   l»&viTa&  ©wnavat  aii^na 

30n>jXH  J3oiTLOl'S  latiomsM  aid  nl   bne    iJLl$ucui&  abnuoq  nnn^n?,r    wro's 

-/i^.t«i.'ilfBbB  aid  o;t   *ioi'iq  aia©^  naatsitin  edi'  nx   ^a^i  ^.vaioq 

nea  fcTed  biio-i  0d:t  to  ba^0l<if!ioj  f^-re*  wt^uj^ael  iij;»t    ^XnO*  noii 

li^^ftol^jiar  to   Jed.t   nl  'tsdiaan  '^"^-  5  f^^ :  .'<..  r-,ir  r-,fT.^    ,.»•;* fr?.r«t^A 

-nA  ot'  b30t   9dt   ni    enu   nadt  5%-itl    'on  fao'ti   »a'  oo'a 

Xa^oi   sd-f   to   9eoif:t    ,eiojt*-!toq  ^:  .     tajiXab 


61 


residencies,  and  those  of  the  passes  of  Guaderrania  and  Santander, 
constructed  in  the  ~"ormer  reign,  were  so  negiected  as  to  be 
almost  impracticaile .   The  neighboring  occupants  had  taken 
possession  of  part  of  the  ground  destined  for  that  of  St.  Andero; 
the  saine  thing  had  happened  in  regard  to  the  road  in  Navarre, 

Biscay,  Alava  and  Guipuscoa,  which  those  provinces  had  them- 

1 
selves  undertaken  ." 

In  the  nine  years  of  Florida  Blanca*s  adndnistration 

all  the  roads  which  had  been  neglected  were  repaired,  as  were 

2 
all  drains  and  bridges.    During  that  peiord  more  than  195 

leagues  of  road  were  constructed,  and  raore  than  200  were  re- 
paired.  Besides  this  322  bridges  v.^ere  erected  and  46  repaired  ; 

3 

ami  nore  than  1049  drains  were  built.    A  new  regulation  was  ^ 

issued  by  which  a  laborer  was  assigned  to  each  league  of  road, 
with  a  superintendent  for  every  eight.    Forty-nine  houses 
were  erected  to  serve  as  shelter  to  travellers  in  case  of  acci- 
dent.   "Inns,  post-houses,  hermitages,  large  churches  and 

even  towns  have  been  built  in  proper  places,  that  there  may  be 

4 
convenient  habitations  on  all  roads." 

The  greatest  achievements  in  the  line  of  road  build- 
ing were  the  roads  over  the  pass  of  the  Sierra  Iforena,  thfet  of 
Puerta  de  Cadina,  the  road  to  Carthagena  ;  the  road  from 


^u  F.  B. »s  Statement. 

2.  D.  y  C. 

3.  F.  B.*s  Statement. 

4.  Ibid. 


id 


-£fl©fi;t  barf  c9aiit^o*sq  ^p,<iKf   n')tKw    ^ fto.^pirqluO  fens   -^^'^kTA    ,/«•>» f?r 

'^ .    rid:rfjsi'if>baw   aevlea 

'*#*  ♦tew  OOS  as'''t   ^lofi  O'lr     , -^'^^c^iH^tp  -c^w  bdoi  «9l 

bfiB.  3 «jri >tjjfi ^  e^*«B i    , e d^a  s^ f roK - vt  ;  rrnf  ••  ,    - ! « 

-bXli/cf   btiCii  10   9«iX    9ff  v^Mjb   tesitffftt^   sff? 

tiiont   b»oi  Fj        .  !ti»0  i  brtO  «b  H^ti^is^ 


J3 
&2 


Antiquera  to  Malaga,  and  the  road  to  Oalicia  from  Astorga." 

The  road  through  the  Sierra  !!orena  v/as  said  to  be  admired  by 

i  '  >-out  d^:.  '."  hur 
all  foreigners  who  tr^^velled  over  it  because  of  its  breadth"^ 

and  solidity.    Florida  Blanca  thinks  it  worth  mentioning  in 
his  Statement  that  a  diligence  had  been  established  between 
Cadiz  and  the  capital  as  a  proof  of  the  improvement  of  the 
roads  of  the  kingdom.    A  regular  stage  line  was  also  estab- 
lished between  Bayonne  and  Madrid,  with  inns  at  regular  inter- 
vals  of  a  day's  journey.   The  expense  of  these  undertakings 
in  the  way  of  road  building  amounted  to  upward  of  1,  078,125 
pounds  and  since  the  tax  on  f^alt  only  produced  348,000  pounds 
in  nine  year^,  upv/ards  of  650,000  pounds  had  to  be  raised  by 
some  other  means  than  crown  taxes.   Various  ecclesiastics  and 
econom^ic  societies  as  v-ell  as  generous  individuals  contributed 
largely  to  this  rreat  v;ork  both  in  money  and  in  labor.    After 
the  postal  service  had  been  made  to  prodiice  revenue,  Florida 
Blanca  used  the  profits  to  maintain  the  ways  of  transportation, 
though  he  was  greatly  censured  for  putting  this  money  to  that 
lase  since  the  public  debt  or  rather  the  debts  of  the  crown 
still  remained  unpaid.^   Against  this  charge  the  minister 
urges  the  comparative  benefits  of  good  roads  as  against  the  pay- 
ment  of  debts  acquired  in  former  reigns. 

Florida  Blanca  claims  to  have  reduced  the  cost  of 
building  a  league  of  roed  from  50,000  pounds  to  about  17,000 


1.  D.  y  C,  Vol.  VI,  p.  515. 

2.  F.  B. »s  Statement. 


:2d 


eril  16    .:*  o-iqmi    eds    to  lot  ' iqsu   erit    bus   sibeO. 


:  -J      :  .  i.        i  r-  X  I  < .;  >  r»   i        .   c>      rt: 


.'  :1-  .      jbari  8bHi/oq  000, Odi  Jo  abiav/qsj   ,^1*38^^  ©nin 

r^q   9jff  ^8filB3fl  8s  ab^ot  booa  10  e;f|t8n9ff  evitstsqmo  asartu 

'to   cfaoj   Brlc  b^;)i'.fl>iii   8Vr.  n 

000, VX   ^twocfa  o.t   abm/oq  000, Oo  feo^^    a^c 


b6 


pounds  ani  says  that  this  is  due  to  "the  extraordinary  activity 
and  intelligence  of  zealous  r^agistrates  and  their  dependents, 
or  to  that  of  certain  worthy  patriots,  who,  without  any  o*:her 
pay  or  reward  than  what  they  expect  from  heaven,  quit  ^li^ir 
own  business,  Ihe  pleasure  and  comforts  of  their  families,  to 
Expose  themselves  to  the  fatigue  and  the  rigors  of  the  seasons, 
in  order  to  superintend,  the  execution  of  the  works."  _ 

Charles  III  believed  not  only  in  the  hecessity  of 
good  roads  for  the  advancement  of  industries  but  also  tried  to 
develop  canals  for  purposes  of  irrigation  as  ^^ell  as  navigation. 
"Spain, "says  Florida  Blanca  in  his  Statement , "always  exposed  to 
drought,  cannot  become  agricultural,  unless  irrigation  be  sub- 
stituted to  sujiply  the  rain  which  is  v;anting  in  most  of  the 
provinces.^  that  the  peasant  may  obtain  the  fruit  of  his  il-eborsf 

The  canal  of  Aragon,  a  tremendous  v.'ork,  was  begun  in 

the  reign  of  Charles  I  but  the  difficulties  were  too  great  foir 

the  engineers  of  those  days  and  Charles  III  was  the  firs',  ruler 

to  resume  work  on  approxima^^ely  the  same  plan  as  it  had  been 

begun  in  the  sixteenth  century.   A  royal  decree  of  February 
Er 

28,  1788  authorized  the  Frenchman  D.  Augmstin  Badin  to  continue 
the  canal  as  far  as  Quinto.   Various  difficulties  compelled  the 
company  which  had  undertaken  the  work  to  give  it  up  in  1772, 
and  in  1778  a  junta  was  created  for  the  purpose  of  continuing 
this  work  and  £>.  Ramon  Pignatelli,  canon  of  Saragossa,  v;as 

i.        .,  Vo: 

1.   F.  B.,  Statement. 


58 


^e^ti- 


tSnoaBSa   9fft  ^o 


to  a:to'iiiio 


fxd 


III    ?s$i-ifijr(0 


'ao<|x»  e^jswA  -»m9^6:fc^   «i:  :;;neIH   »i)jt-ioI'5   a^ise"  ,niJ8qB" 


:t[Oc»*X  I    airi   lo 


;5>>'     «  . 


-i^;!/;-:     -o 


t    8EW    III    8»Ii:i 


-fOW    '^ 


si/nxinoj   ot  nib«$I  ni^at^jjA   .G 


>!dSX'!Sl. 


has  iitov 


64 


placed  at  the  heac?  of  this  new  corporation  with  full  povrer  to 

direct  all  its  dete^ils.    Muriel  says  "that  this  undertaking 

2 

reminds  one  of  the  greatness  of  those  of  the  Romans**  and  the 

idea  was  to  establish  water  comunication  hetv/een  the  Atlantic 
and  the  T^editerrancan  "by  usin£:  the  river  Ubro .    At  the  time 
of  Charles'  -death  in  I:7»88  navigation  ^'as  possible  as  fy.r  as 
Valc'egurriana.    The  canal  was  not  finished  until  1790  and  it 
Yras   then  navigable  for  barges  of  100  tons  burden  an'"  ii*rigated 
5^8,342 'acres  of  laricT  so  thalf 'its^  prfce  rose  fron  2  pounds  to 
70  pounds  an  acre  and  in  years  of  famine  in  Castile  grain  could 
be  sent  from  Aragon  where  formerly  there  was  hardl^^  enough  for 
home  oorisump^^on .   Th'(f  ca'rial  of  1ffaust-f^%gts  a  tributary  to 
that  of  Aragon  formed  by  building  a  mole  diagonally  across  the 
river  Ebro .    It  watered  16,695  acres  of  land  and  was  placed 
untfer^'the  care  of  ^he  CroWn  W  tne'^^eS'fte  'of   Tausti  in  1780. 
The  canal  of  Tortosa  v/as  under  governrnent  care  and  was  built 
to  the  port  of  Los  Alfaques  in  order  to  avoid  a  trip  on  the  sea 
It  also  served  to  irrigate  lands  v;hich  until  then  had  been 
arid  because  of  the  lack  of  rain. 

The  canal  of  Urgel  was  begun  in  the  reign  of  Charles 
I  "^ut  liad  since  been  neglected.  ''  Florida  Blanca  issuect  an 
ordinance  in  1786  for  its  improvement.   The  canal  of  Mazanares 
was  a  very  old  project  and  v/as  planned  to  unite  Madrid  with 

1.  D.  y  C,  Vol.  VI,  p.  510. 

2.  Muriel,  Vol.  VI,  p.  147. 


eri;*   Dan      "aiiiicu:!        -  i9it;Jii9t3  er'     '                    ;ai(a9T 

3t»  list  84J   9j.ai35oq  «9w  noicT  •  i3i;^,i  '.u   :             '  . 

ti    bns   0'-'  .  infii'^ 

OJ  a.L->iijjaq  ^  i.\Qi't  ii^oi   9^iiq  aJi   JBri.;?  o<^  "'to  ss-xja  Sii-^,cS 

4"ilt;>'l   -'.c-v/    ■in.'^    '-)-r*i>    iffoniii'.  oiioT  to  iBftBJ   srfT 
nbe<j'   b>?Xi  i£6»o*   lij-ajy  iii>i.'l¥  atiaaX     ©v^s^xtii   u*   l>avi©a   o: 

1IJ3   beua&i   fiandl?!  Box'ioi"        .  •    n&^d    3jiii                        ^ 


.01 


65 


Guadalquivir,  establishing  in  that  v/ay  communioation  by  v/ater 
betv/een  Madrid  and  SevilJe  and  was  begun  with  the  funds  fur- 
nished by  the  Bank  of  San  Carlos.   The  canal  of  Castile  was 
first  thought  of  in  the  reign  of  Ferdinanr'  VI  and  had  as  its 
object  irrigation  of  the  arid  districts  of  that  province.   It 
was  never  finished,  howevey,  and  no  direct  benefits  resulted, 
from  it.  wr • t 

The  storage  of  v/ater  for  the  purpose  of  irrigation 
was  practiced  as  early  as  the  sixteenth  century  and  the  reser- 
voir of  Tibi,  constructed  by  the  celebrated  Herrera,  ferti- 
lized 9250  acres  of  orchard  land  in  the  vicinity  off  Alicanti. 
In  the  reigh  of  Charles  III  Florida  Blanca  was  struck  by  the  ; 
advantages  of  this  work  and  began  the  building  of  two  great 
reservoirs  in  the  fertile  territory  of  Lorca  in  the  kingdom  of 
Murcia.   The  thickness  of  the  oikes  was  150  feet  and  the 
height  v/as  planned  to  be  210  feet,  holding  72  millions  of  cubic 
feet  of  v^ater.    More  than  eight  million  reals  were  expended 
on  these  works, andiLlauSado  declared  ''^^hat  these  so-called  res- 
ervoirs of  Puantes  were  the  greatest  v/orks  of  their  kind  in 
"Europe.    In  1802  the  dikes  of  these  reservoirs  broke,  causing 

the  death  of  608  and  damage  amounting  to  about  one  million 

2 

t)ounds.    The  districts  benefited  by  the  irrigation  supplied 

by  the  reservoirs  produced  dne  hundred  times  as  much  as  before. 
Charles  also  built  a  ^oad  and  aqueduct  to  Aguilas  and  estab-, 


1.  P.  B.,  Statement. 

2.  D.  y  C,  Vol.  VI,  p.  514. 

3.  Muriel,  Vol.  V.I,  p.  288. 


aa 


'^t    oar    3S.7   ri^,>ah    ^>r:t   to   r^ap^n^jf-^^    ?ifT         .Bij-rrjM 


66 


lished  a  tovz-n  of  400  people  constructing  the  houses,  building 

1 
churches  and  the  necessary  public  buildings.    Ke  also  built 

the  town  of  Almuradiel  in  the  Campo  Nuevo  of  Andalusia  and  turned 
the  surroundinr  country  of  arid  waste  into  a  fertile  gardeW.. 
Florida  Blance  in  his  Statement,  in  closing  his  paragrajih  on 
canals  and  irrigation,  calls  the  king's  attention  tbv the  fact 
that  all  the  expenses  of  his  undertaicings  were  derived  from 
other  sources  than  the  regular  revenues  of  the  crown. 
«cr*  *    The  fact  that  Charles  III,  or  rather  Plorida  Blanca, 
could  find  the  means  to  carry  on  these  great  works  of  public 
utility  is  all  the  more  remarkable  when  we  consider  that  the 
treasury  was  burdened  hot  only  with  debts  of  preceding  reigns 
but  that  Charles  w&s  also  engaged  in  most  expensive  wars, 
twice  against  Great  Britain,  against  Portugal  and  finally 
against  Alge^irfi  and  that  these  wars  were  a  burden  sufficient 
in  themselves  to  lay  the  entire  resourced  of  a  kingdom  like 
Spain.   But  Charles  did  not  confine  his  im.provements  to  works 
of  only  economic  value  for  m.unicipal  v/orks  were  zealously  car- 
ried on  both  by  the  government  and  the  citizens  of  the  various 
towns  themselves.   Madrid,  naturally,  became  the  first  object 
of  experiment  in  more  modern  ideas  of  cleanliness  and  beauty. 
Considerable  sums  were  devoted  to  the  broadening  and  paving 
of  the  greatly  dilapidated  streets.    "The  spacious  and  hand- 
i.scme  entrances,  roads,  end  walks,  of  the  great  gate  of  Alcala, 

1.  P.  B.,  Statement. 


dd 


I 


os'i  .00^    lo  fiw^. 


II 


r->^*-^'^      *?b|<10i.'^     -rSd^l    to     tii:I     301  ..:w     ..i;..      ,    J«il     &GT 

oi  3Jt*f©w  +fi«ts   o>jer:d'  no   '\ittBa  o^  s  Mwoo 

Itiviiq   baa  ;  ^oti  '/«i>  .^13^  er  LcfsieMenoO 

-  baaui   ha d  a jjo  i  j  ej  ix«   oiH  '         .  a  t »  »•-  i  qr  1  li)    :  I  i  q  di^  /«rftf .  Xo 


ftiX8s>I.A  lo  etis^i   taf^r^a    ^' 


t^^arii^T*'*-'^     <a.-rt'>;H 


67 


that  of  the  bridge  of  Segovia,  thki   of  AntOcha,  f-6#^fds  Valen- 
cia* the  oommunications  betv/een  these  f:ates  and  that  of  Toledo, 
have  been  formed,  to  the,  inmieasurable  benefit  of  the  oapital, 
with  the  funds  Y/hich  your^riajesty  has  ordered  me  to  employ  *to 
this  end."   A  rather  remarkable  though  ;:' undoubtedly  a  most 
useful  institution  was  the  founding  of  a  washing-place  in 
Madrid,  for  the  v/asher- women, who  were  until  then  exposed  to 
the  extreme  rigor,-  of  the  seasons.   This  shelter  provided  for 
more  thali  five  hundi-ed  places  so  that  it  was  lar;  e  enough  for 
all  the  washer-women  of  the  oapi*al.   The  botanical  gardens 
of  Madrid  were  founded  both  for  purposed  of  instruction  as 
well  as  for  beautifying  the  city.    In  Toledo  the  government 
granted  considerable  aids  for  the  iriprovement  of  the  streets, 
entrances,  roads  and  walks.   The  citizens  formed  beautiful 
terraces,  repaired  the  ancient  walls  and  bridges  and  erected  ~ 
statues  presented  by  the  king.   Burgos  received  statues  of  '■- 
the  most  celebrated  rulers  of  Castile  and  in  Saragossa  a  rike 
v/as  built  in  order  to   prevent  the  overflowing  of  the  rivers. 
In  Malaga,  the  works  of  the  river  Guadal  Medina ^  prevented  the 
flooding. of  t>.at  i^ltir.        This  port  was  also  cleaned  and  houses, 
walks  e.nd  ornaments  were  built,  as  were  also  the  two  ro<idsof 
Antequera  and  Velez  and  the  famous  aqueduct.    Florida  Blanca, 
in  his  statement,  gives  ■  reat  credit  to  the  two  brothers,  the 
marquis  of  Sonora  and  Don  Micheal  the  Oalvey,  ci"*-izens  of 


1.  D.  y  C.  ,  Vol.  VI,  p.  532. 

2.  Ibid,  Vol.  VI,  p.  552. 


va 


*iot  bebivotq  i9tX9ff«  ciriT        *aaoaB»  oati   9radi*x9   erf:* 

lot  il^iwoat  8si«i  afliw  li   ta/fl  oa  asdAIq  be-tJ^awrf  svxl  rt-?-^*   ^^-n  : 

.aa«fn[JS,^  Is«iX0«to4  ariT        .Isitqeo   «r{i  tc  vz-ts/iBSiy   9ii;J .  XXjs 

3B  soicJaen^ani  to  (^tjaoqiuq     TiotiiJ*od  bftbauol   9tew  biibsM^lfo 

^■a^^^tSQ.  9rft  to   ;fi»daT9VQ'X4i.i-t   »fii   TO't   abis  oicJji^Xd&iotK;,;   beJ-nfng 

to   86w-iil'^    b97i9j9i  ao^tyS  l:i-  mli   x<i  t>a7n9a«i%q  aeiJi^'i^^s 

s,U      a   aaac  csi    briJ»   dXttaeQ  tc  j9ia^'f0X««>   ^faofiiaiS? 

'.aTovit  e/i*  to  :antwolt'«^vo  ©jrfdt  ^i^tevf^-tq  .  o;J*  n^li'jo  -^f    ^ritr-   nc>;/ 

exit  bs^nsvetq  teai?^0H  Xsr^ajj©  t^vXt  mii  to  a>Cio  I 

,3aayoii   baa  harmeij  a^ia  sis*   tioq     airiH       .  ,   ij   t«f(f  to.salJbooXt 

toeli^ox  awt   ssii   oaXe  eiaw  ajis    ,txiv^''  «»^  >  r  i;+$f9n«n^o  bff«  ai^flaw 

^BJ•^£l'<   ttijlipXH  .    j^ibSK/p^  st-UOfiiL-  iHiii  s9j;^V  bftjft  fiieapetnA 

■  9/il    tSLi^dt&^d  oyfi   arit   o  .-j  i^js  ^  tneme  "fir*'3  airf  ni 


.S 


68 


Malaga,  who  labored  v^-ith  unspeakable  zeal  and  activity  to 
rromote  these  undertakings,  to  find  means  for  executing  them, 
and  to  encourage  industry,  commerce  and  agriculture.    In 
Barcelona  v^ere  erected  various  v/orks  to  ornament  the  streets 
and  also  to  widen  them.   Pampeluna  was  improved  by  the  pa- 
triotism and  zeal  of  its  inhabitants,  while  in  Segovia  the 
bishop 'and  fill  6co^6ii^lc  ^^odiety  carried  on  most  of  the  public 
improveri'ents,  ei'vays,  of  course,  encouraged  by  the  king.    In 
Mure i a  great  walls  were  erected  to  prevent  floods  and  the 
Iflrig  greatly  ai'Ted  in  the  building  of  other  usefttl  works: 
The  streets  were  paved  and  widened  in  Vdladolid,  Palencia,  ^ 
Toro,  Zamora,  Seville  and  other  cities  through  the  aid  fur- 
nished by  the  ci^bisrri V  ' '  ^  •  ' .  ^«^^  ^*'-l74V   .. 

This  brief  summary  will  furnish  a  fair  idea  of  the 
magnitude  of  Charles*  work  in  the  im.provement  of  public  prop- 
erty  and , according'  to  a  great  Spanish  author,  it  is  impossiDle 
to  visit  a  single  province  without  encountering  proofs  of  the 
king's  interest  in  public  prosperity. 


1.   D.  y  C,  Vol.  VI,  p.  5:^3. 

«jallf.  ttttt      tc  V- 

/ 

^  i  n)  in  thft  wny  t" 


X. 


-3<|  ©jd,'  aew  jl;  .  lerr^  n  a^.  pels  i)rtJ3 

jiXd;  '.on   ai;>.  o^i.^tlLej    \it&xjoa    jinsufiojs  ns  J3n^-  qonBid 

.  cj-.-I'M'.:   iifldajj   *ieii^o  Ic;   i^ax.oiiiJa   pnz   ai  os:  Xi^   ^CXJiisia   anx^i 

,siyct3Xfl3.  t  ti  i)9nQl)iw  bna   foavsq  stew  atee-x^a   erfT 

-tUi    hie    9^:*    rfr.jjotrfct   jjet-'-lj   '?9ri:^o   ftna    ollivsa    efiiotns^'?    eO-foT 

.xwQ^j   axil      '4 a  .fianaxn 

-qoicf  oildu'i   to   .t!-i3fKe^/oiq?iii    Qdt   rii   :>(iow    'salisrfD  to    shis^ inr.si'A 
sX-ii^i^Qfica   ax   ii    ,-ic/ii:!jj)i  Xi3|.aijqt.    v*39i^  «   or  ^uxJo-roa^StDaa   'c^ia 


69 


tT"S f".c  1  V?'  •  ^^  5  . 

CKAFTKR  VI. 
*-.i.^(^r<^Pr^    rrr-n*       FINANCE  AND  TAXATION.      ,000  : 

c-OPT> {:■:<.    The  finances  of  Spain  were  under  the  control  of  a 
council  knows  as  Conseco  Real  de  Hacienda.   This  council  of 
finance  was  divided  into  different  chambers  as  vas  the  Coun- 
cil of  Castile.   The  sala  de  govierno,  sala  de  justitia,  the 
sala  de  nillones  and  the  sala  de  la  unica  contribucion  v/~ere 
the  four  divisions  during  the  reign  of  Charles  III.    There 
were  three  directors  general  who  controlled  all  the  customs 
officials  and  tax  collectors,  for  after  1747  -taxes  were  no 
longer  farmed  ou"*-,  excepting  in  a  few  special  cases  of  which 
mention  v/ill  be  made  at  another  pomnt .      .^oih 

r   rri'^'he  sala  de  unica  contribuccion  was  founded  in  1749 
for  the  rmrpose  of  administ.ering  a  single  tax  which  was  to 
take  the  place  of  the  various  provinaial  taxes.   It  was  said 
that  rjiore  than  thirty  thousand  people  were  employed  in  this 
chamber.   Bourgoing  says  that  no  definite  results  had  been 
achieved  by  this  body,  though  Florida  Blanca  in  his  statement 
calls  attention  to  various  reforms  made  during  his  adrini stra- 
ti on  in  the  way  of  simplifying  the  system  of  taxation, 
cc-        The  revenues  were  generally  divided  into  two  classes: 


1.  Mostly  taken  from  Bourgoing,  Vol.  II. 

2.  Bourg.,  Vol.  II,  p.  5. 


.1 

B  Iq  ionisiQa  mil'  ^9&iI^  9T.  -jitfiai. 

'^o   r.f.  ji!?oj  ai.-^T        .sbnaii^aH   -      r..  .tt    -i^s^naO  3i3  awoctJi  li^nwQu 

exit    |,si:U^8;jt  ,»i>  »i&^   ^^ntBl^o^  »t>j|La^  s^fT        .#I1^««0  lo  I-t^ 

y-^  .III    ri^lT'j.r.)  to,  n;^is»  anoiaivtij  xi#ol>  arr* 

-J. I   ^  .9w  e9xe:fi    VI^TI   taits  tot    ,a-ro:*u9l^Os^  x«^  iwis  aX^etjitto 
■  /{•^  ta  a^BBo^  iiii;>'jqa  w«l  «  nt  : 'i-;>;c«  v.r'*!/©  b^tTiBt  ts^noX 

bXa«   5,':?.    -'I        .aaxB.-?   X/2ti»x;ivofxq  ^^u^aXi^y  94:"   ^;0   %^M  «ri;* 

2  i rf r    fi i  > 9 ^4QXqai^  .  §»•< ©w  sl'io o q  iiiiaa iXQii cf  ^^  1 1 irf d    aarf  t    -- '^^    '    •  -• 

3 

a99rf  i}fiii  2*XwaeT   s^tnlidi:)  on  &&dt     a^i^^  3nXoai*|oS 

irt^miiiB^Q   eiri  ni   BjftijI^  fj&XtoXt  rf^ttiO/ft    I'iood  aXrtt    ^d  b9V9iriu« 

.not^fiXfi:^  lo  L:8J3^i3    eii:t^ax^lXX^iaia    xo  ^ifcs^  ^di   ai  noli 
3£*3fJBlj   ow?   o:tni   bebkvih    ^XXaisna^  s-xew  asuiidvei   srfT 

.11    .lov    ,3ni.>S'  .X 


YU 


namely  the  general  and  provinoial  revenues.    The  first  v-ere 
those  derived  from  import  and  export  duties  and  the  inoome 
derived  from  monopolies  of  the  crown.   These  general  taxes 
increased  from  960,000  pounds  in  1785  to  1,200,000  pounds  !»:•::; 
172!^,  an  increase  due  principally  to  the  impetus  given  to 
commerce  by  ^he  policy  of  so-called  free  trade.   There  were 
also  special  taxes  on  wool,  cocoa,  sug&.r  and  paper  ^hichifr*:.-^?'. 
were  considered  to  he  general  taxes.   The  salt  monopoly  gener- 
ally produced  about  160,000  pounds,  but  was  no*^  as  oppressive 
or  as  bitterly  opposed  as  vas  the  gabelle  in  Prance,  for  in- 
stance.   The  tobacco:  monopoly  was  one  of  the  greatest  sources 
of  income  v/hich  *-he  crown  possessed,  for  no  other  brand  of 
tobacco  could  be  "brought  into  the  kingdom  than  that  manufac- 
tured by  the  government.    In  spite  of  very  strict  la\/s,  con- 
traband tobacco  was  constantly  imported  and  sold  at  a  much 
higher  price  than  the  regular  brand.    In  1776  this  monopoly 
produced  870,000  pounds  of  revenue  ;  in  1776  more  than  850,000; 
in  1784  730,000  pounds  and  in  1787  it  rose  to  1,290,000  because 
of  the  introduction  of  tobacco  which  had  previously  been  sold 
only  clandestinely.   Other  objects  v/bich  had  been  made  govern- 
ment monopolies  were  lead,  powder,  playing  cards,  sealing-wax 
and  stamped  paper.   ^-  '^-•^•'^'^<.  .^  *,,-..^»... 

<•;        The  provincial  rents  wei'e  the  most  oppressive  and 
■complicated  in  Europe,  and  though  Charles  made  various  attempts 

1.   Rourg.,  Vol.  II,  p.  8.         A 


0? 


nJt   Bjbmjoq  000, 0'.  :';uuu.i  000, OS-;   :  :on  .oe^natjni 

r-fj.*-'-         i^'i'^'i    i;//;    'i83Wa     ,lsJu.j.u«?     ,iug//    ;jy    sexs:?    IjEfij.sqa    OaXs 

e-'TtriPi^y  '■:*t   -^or   ae^v   t'r-    ^  :     iffO'l   C'  ijorfs   b-^o.^totT   vIIb 

Trf- :«)rf'*o   on  "?o1:    ♦boaee-^^-^T   rrvoTj   3ff"*   'fjt'fw  ^^rrooni  ^o 
-JB'  jnsr.1   $usi7.  :iiinj   mo»^i-'i  ;yh:    jJiii.  rii^,gjju  la   srj  jyxj'ju:" 

'^Ioqo:iorj  aid*    dVVI    nl         ,  :'::ij':::    Miiiy^Q-:   anr    aunj    t>ji*:-:   -^ynjiii 
;000,oa3  ^jiirii   S'jom  avvi  nl    ;       ;ii®T0«  1®  abnuoq  OOOfOtS  fef^uwrbo"5cq 

-at9\ro3    sbj3ff!  n©9€f   bsff   ffotrfw   a;ts^0itfO   tSifrtO        .  ^^Xaai^adbxifsla  ^Ifio 
:-csvr-3niIiJ98    jab'iso   ?fri-^'slq'' ,*t%fcvroq    ,bsel    snsw   sfDifo^OrtOfr*   •♦ri^-i 


7i 


to  improve  the  system  he  did.  not  achieve  any  sweeping  reforms 
in  this  respect.   The  mi  Hones  v/epe  a  tax  levied  on  wine,  oil, 
meat,  vinegar, candlea,  etc.   This  tax  was  either  levied  di- 
rectly  oy  by  taxing  communities  whic'p  sold  these  articles  from 
a  general  store-house.   In  order  to  compel  people  to  buy  at 
these  places  very  stringent  and  offensive  rules  were  adopted. 
The  second  provlntlal  tax  was  known  as  the  alcabala  and  cientos 
levied  on  all  sales  of  personal  or  real  property  and  amounting 
to  fourteen  per  cent  as  a  rule,  but  differing  widely  according 
to  the  tffiv/n  or  district.    According  to  Ustarez  the  average 
amount  of  the  tax  ¥/as  seven  per  cent.   The  alcabala  was  an 
exceedingly  detrimental  imposition  for  both  comm.erce  and  in- 
dustry  and  was  modified  somewhat  during  the  reign  of  Charles 

M  p  r-  "■^ 

III.   The  tercias  reales  were  taxes  levied  on  ecclesiastical 
estates  and  though  they  produced  60,000  pounds  it  was  thought  ^■ 

that  they  would  produce  considerably  more  if  less  faith  were 

con?' 

placed  in  the  declaration  of  the  ecclesiastic  bureaus.    A 

J.  ».  ^ 

tax  on  the  commoners  of  the  kingdom  known  as  ordinary  and 
extraordinary  service  v/as  a  substitute  cfor  the  alcabala  and 
was  assessed  by  the  courts.   Lastly  there  v/ere  the  entry  du- 
ties into  Madrid  which  were  a  part  of  the  crown  revenue  but 

l-'i  r    i77i,  vniie  ir  J.  Vc-^:  vO^trx. 

were  farmed  out  to  the  gremios.   The  provinces  of  the  crown 
of  Aragon  were  exempt  from  the  alcabala  but  instead  were  to  pay 
a  fixed  amount  which  was  divided  among  the  different  cities 
and  "^ov-ns  who  assessed  their  inhabitants  according  to  the  a- 
mount  they  were  -required  to  pay.   Aragon  had  the  tercias  reales 


IV 


r<T. '. t't'     p,  a  r    ,  r  -^  *f    ■      •  ^  :>  u 


r  «     a  *f  .Ci  f  n 


J?;>t1S 


3^ni 


f  "♦•  -\  c»»«r 


^el9s    ilB  no    beivel 


>    .   t^  «r  ^^  i  J^  (a 


or     r/t,. 


JDS   i>*sew  f^IUT   8vrx?: 

.^iV91  *     079W    ^^i.^-!    ««l^*t9^  '91'.  ~  '  ■  '  ^ 


89 


j^teistae 
.■■mi   msn^'^st  i^wota  ©rft  to  #i«»<|   s 


r      '■>  ,-)      r»  •■'       F» -f « 


72 


as  well  as  the  millones  e.nr-  all  the  provinces  v/ere  subject  to 
the  cruzada,  a  tax  originally  levied  for  the  crusades,  ana 
accepted  in  payment  for  indulgence^..   The  pope  lad  granted 
the  income  from  ^his  source  to  -^he  Most  Catholic  Kings  and  in 

1753  it  was  made  a  perpetual  tax.   The  price  of  this  bull 

tics  *"'V"  •''-'MJI'^e  *-?  ^':    y'l^*^  •"■O"'"  •  (^  "ilk'.-?-    1  if  <"-r*r 

was  fixed  at  tv/enty«>one  quartos  and  in  1776  its  revenue  am.ount- 

ed  ^0  about  240,000  pounds.    Ho  Spanish  Catholic  could  avoid 

pu.rchasing  this  dispensation  without  being  susjiected  of  heresy 

and  besides  "^hat  it  gave  him  the  right  to  eat  eggs  and  drink 

milk  on  the  days  of  fasting  and  during  Lent,  v/ith  the  permis- 

sion  of  his  physician  and  confessor.    The  clergy  was  subject 

to  two  other  taxes  known  as  the  subsidio  and  the  excusado 

which  v/ere  farmed  out  to  the  gremios  of  Madrid  and  therefore 

produced  mLTch  less  revenue  than  they  might  have  done  otherwise. 

One  source  of  revenue  which  ought  to  have  been  very 
considerable  and  was  only  moderate,  was  the  income  from.  America; 
but  for  a  long  time  the  expenses  of  governjnent  absorbed  nearly 
all  the  revenue  and  it  was  not  until  Oalvey's  ministry  that 
Mexico  brought  any  returns  as  a  result  of  t'le  tobacco  monopol^- . 

All  the  revenues  of  the  kingdom  amounted  to  4,400,000 
pounds  in  1776,  while  in  1784  they  v/ere  6,r50,680  pounds.    In 

the  statement  made  by  Serena,  the  minister  6f  finance,  the 

3 
revenues  had  failed  to  6,162,950  pounds  in  1767,   though  it  is 


1.  D.  y  C,  Vol.  VI,  p.  270. 

2.  Bourg.,  Vol.  II,  p.  20. 

3.  Ibid,  Vol.  II,  p.  24. 


f,d(.fa    d"' 

!"  '  ^-'-^    -^  r  ■■'■ 
-:'ti«ociii   ^un^vd*!   sti   BVVi    ni    ban  aoo'iawp   enu^f^i 'rt^sw:?   ta-  bexil 

■   ■■■"■)■     ■•  .'/^ 
•■"» 

obB^iS^xQ   »:i"*"   /:»n«   oxbxadu^B   9xf7   a«  rrvrocx   esxecf   isn'cfo  ow?   oi 
^•t^v   n©»'f   9VBff   o?    7ri3{/o   ri^isiw  ^jltitsv-st   iu    ©jitroa    enO 

.  :/o\ ;-  .    to  ■* ' 

nl        .aonuoq  06b, 03  ^^^    .9T9w  '<jfi>Ar   :^6Vi   ni   4>iinV    ,3VVi  nl   abnwoq 


0 
.OJ 


f- 


73 


np-t  safe  to  accept  these  statements  since  prior  to  1787  no 
regular  budget  had  been  issued. and  wSerena  was  the  first  to 
issue  a  statement. 

.e€r.'_..-   .^^'hgn  Philip  V  died  he  left  a  debt  of  7,500,CCC  pounds 
and  Ferdinand  VI  assembled  a  body  of  niinisters  end   ecclesias^,^ 
tics  to  decide  as  to  whether  he  was  liable  for  the  debts  of 
his  father.  .,  This  ■'was  decided  negatively,  and  i±  jvas  no 
until  Charles  came  to  the  throng  that  any  attempt  to  reimpurse 
the  creditors  was  made.    In  1762  he  paid  six  per  cent  on  the 
debts  of  Philip  V  and  did  so  for  five  consecutive  years.    In. 
1767  the  six  per  cent  was  reduced  to  four  and  the  following 
year  the  king  distributed  600,000  pounds  among  the  crown's 
creditors  ;  but  cifter  1769  the  disastrous  \  ar  against  England 
caused  the  cessation  of  all  further  payments.    Toward  the  end 
of  Charles*  reign  ^^he  bills  v,^ei*e  offered  for  sale  at  twenty 
percent  of  their  original  value,  though  they  were  accepted  in 
lieu  of  taxes  at  one  time.    Charles  also  attempted  in  1785 
to  make  a  loan  of  180  million  reals  and  agreed  to  take  the 
debts  of  Philip  V  at  their  par  value  ;  but  ijp,  spite  of  this 
apparent  induceijient  he  could  raise  only  tv^elve.  million  reals 
in  two  years.  ,^^_ 

^  *,  ,  The  gremios  of  Madrid  were  the  bankers  of  the  govern- 
ment  up  to  the  time  of  the  founding  of  the  National  Bank  of 
San  Carlos,  received  the  constant  support  of  the  government  and 
jiegotiated  ItB-" loans  in  times  of  distress.    But  toward  the  end 
of  the  second  war  v/ith  England  it  was  so  difficult  to  obtain 


eaaat 


on   veVI   c^     - 

iniijui  U00,00r. 

to    stff*<  d^'-ixi    afyw  8*5   ©!>i;)9b   c- 

■'     ^    '■'-...    ■  Qci     Die     DIl^J 

'  grtons   3b^tF;orT  000, OOa   Ss-^^tj-dtTtatb  '^nl:>r   erf-" 

lins   9rf:f    biewoT        .atn^mXQq  '^©rfiJtJj'l   lis  to  nol^Bit89;i  ©n 

::'n3w-*   ;t«   9lB2   tot    oBtelto   9TSW  f;IIl  '  asIisffO  to 

S8VI  o«Ia  39XtJ»rfD        .§mlt   dfio  itja  aaxisi-  tl 

3i:ic:    iQ   s'Ji-iri   nx    tU',;    ;  'so 

aldet  at'iliim  9vl«=?\yt  Yino   eata^i   bXwoa  erf   :fa95P9;j  netaqiie 

.siB^:  owt  hi 
—  msvo^i    '::!-.■:     . ;;    ^.  ,/'    ^xi:r    s'l; 

to  ?Ia£?H  laao xTJifl  aif:f  t- 
b.iy  cfnanintevo^   e  {SoItpO  rtpR 


74 


nieriey  from  the  Genoese  and  Dutch  that  Charles  accepted  the  sug- 
gestion of  several  merchants  and  issued  notes  to  the  valse  of 
19,800,000  pounds  drawing  four  per  cent  interest  and  later  re- 
deemable in  specie  up(I>n  presentation  at  the  national  bank  of  ^' 
San  Carlos.   The  first  issue  of  these  treasury  notes  was  made 
in  1780  followed  by  similar  issues  in  1781  and  1782.    All  the 
issues  combined  drew  an  interest  of  3,599,244  pounds  and  this 
being  promptly  paid  at  all  times,  the  notes  took  the  place  of 
paper  currency-.    In  1785  and  1788  bonds  were  issued  for  the  ■ 
construction  of  the  canal  of  Tausti   and  the  completion  of  the 
Aragon  canal.    The  total  value  of  the  bond 6  i^suedrduring  the 

reign  of  Charles  III  was  5,489,055  pounds,  drawing  en  annual^!"' 

1 
interest  of  219,562  pounds,  usually  four  per  cent. 

^^^ '^  To  maintain  the  value  of  this  currency  Charles  III 

decreed  the  establishment  of  the  Bank  of  St.  Charles  or  San  ; 

Carlos  in  the  year  1782.    Its  other  objects  v/ere  to  facilitate 

the  construction  of  public  works  ;  to  discount  foreign  letters 

of  exchange  ;  to  pay  the  obligations  incurred  by  ^he  Spanish 

coutt  e.t   other  courts  and  fimally  to  underta|te  contracts  for 

2 

the  supply  of  the  arm.y  and  navy.    Desiring  that  the  people 

should  become  interested  in  so  useful  an  enterprise,  they  were 
invited  to  subscribe  in  shares  of  20  pounds  each.    In  this 
way  145,140  pounds  were  raised  out  of  the  3  m.illions  of  pounds 
which  represented  the  bank's  capital.   The  lj:ing  and  his  chil- 


1.  D.  y  C,  Vol.  VI,  p.  267. 

2.  Ibid,  Vol.  VI,  p.  272. 


^■\ 


•■.  r      r.  .•  ,      ■ 


I  i-»C»V  V/     . 


*   fens  al)n.uc  j«?€6, 


o^stA 


3-.,  *-c.  r      r;>?  I<^*r0'^  JSt^  ^  >0     f!Oi■ 

axri:f    ni         . 
a  brill 


75 


dren  subscribed  liberally  to  the  new  enterprise  as  did  many 
religious  corporations  and  guilds.   Hov/ever,  in  spite  of   the 
general  enthusiasm  manifested  for  this  creation  of  the  French- 
man Cabarrus,  the  bank  had  many  detractors,  among  v/hom  Mirabeau 
yf&s   the  nost  relentless.   He  made  it  his  special  business  to 
crvstallize  a  sentiment  against  this  institution,  but  the  first 
dividend  of  seven  per  cent,  declared!  in  1784,  ^silenced  even 
the  loudest  opponents.   Whatever  the  evils  of  this  bank  may 
have  been  from  the  point  of  viev  of  the  political  economists, 
there  can  be  no  question  about  the  services  it  rendered  in 
saving  the  nation  from  financial  ruin  and  the  funds  furnished 
by  it  for  the  various  public  works  constituted  a  service  v/hich 
would  have  justified  such  an  undertaking.    Its  intim.ate  con- 
nection with  tTje  crown  was  ':.he  defect  'v^iach  i-eully  bsou^hl  about 
its  failure  in  the  „  sub  sequent,  reign.,   But  it  could  hardly  be 
expected  that  it  v/ould  be  otherv/ise  under  a  rule  of  absolutism. 
In  1786  the  shares  paid  seven  per  cent  interest  in  specie  and  ::. 
in  1787  and  1789  f iy^, p^r. cent  in  the  same  currency. 

Florida  Blanca,  in  his  ptatement,  defends  the  es- 
tablishment of  the  bank  and.  tries  to  show  hov/  its  foundation 
had  prevented  financial  ruin.   A.?ter  reciting  %lQ.e   Repressing 
effect  exercised  by  the  repeated  issues  of  bonds  on  the  na- 
tion's credit,  he  says  :  "This  was  the  situation  of  the  mon- 
archy and  these  were  the  imminent  risks  of  a  national  bank- 
ruptcy, v/hen  I  resolved  to  propose  to  Your  Majesty  tlie  founda- 
tion of  a  hank,  which  while  it  obviated  the  total  ruin  of  our 


el5^dt8irv?0'^5;irj    feaf^iro'    c»!':^    "^o     'aI,  v   "^o    crtloc/^K'*-    rrro'tT:    rf9n"f    fivp.rf 
rfulfiW    t^iitv^f^P.    'A    h».*::  1 1  •tft'tO^;    ?»-ft(>w    jiicf-ff-"    ?,  ff  "i  t'/f^V    ^ifT*    "ToT"     "^i:    V;^ 

f^.B  »lj8q  ej  leq  iii&v««   blaq  «9igria  »ri^  d8^X  Sl 

aolittsbnuoJ   bH  v/orf  wqf)^   o.    a^l^i   bn.8  >(aad  a* 

-fin   €n\t   uo ,  a      ■.       -^o   Eftjj'i^fjX   bsii»eq^^    ^rif   X'i   i>fesx^'i©XG   «^8ll8 


76 


credit,  might  facilitate  conimercial  operations  in  general, 
particularly  those  of  Spain,  as  is  done  in  England,  Holland 
and  other  countries  conscious  of  their  own  interest." 

-'■To  procure  the  increase  in  revenue  Charles  III  ini- 
tiated the   following  reforms  :  he  began  by  reducing  public 
expenditures  and  salaries  in  Spain  and  America  .y  he  exacted  a 

payment  of  eight  per  cent  on  all  monastic  incomes  ;  he  also 

requested  gifts  from  the  Church  and  borrowed  money  from  the 

archbishops  and  bishops.    Charles  also  made  loans  in  foreign 

countries  and  issued  the  bonds  mentioned  above.    The  sale 

of  gold  in  bars  to  Holland  and  the  establishment  of  the  royal 

lottery  in  America  and  Spain  v/ere  also  sources  of  considerable 

revenue  .   The.  tobacco  revenue  in  Mexico  and  Peru  and  the  tax 

on  civil  incomes  v/ere  methods  by  which  the  colonies  were  made 

to  bring  some  returns.    Fortunes  Dt-ought  from  America  to  Spain 

were  taxed  heavily  and  to  pay  the  debts  of  his  fa*-her,  Charles 

set  aside  the  revenues  from  various  ecclesiastic  benefices  and 

also  those  from  the  crown  estates:. 

Florida  Blanca,  in  ?iis  Statement,  describes  at  some 

length  the  evils  of  the  tax  known  as  the  bolla  and  the  plomos 

de  Ramos,' which  was  a  very  high  ta5C  levied  on  all  cloth  sold 

in  Catalonia.    It  took  the  place  of  the  alcabala  of  Castile 

and  was  absurd  in  its  complicated  method  of  administration. 
r«V*?lll^«fj3  siM^fi  i*  V,.. -:,!,»  V- /•  •  ,.•.....,.,.,♦.,;  .  „   ,  ^, 

when  a  merchant  or  a  manufacturer  sold  a  piece  of  cloth,  no 
1.   n.  y  C,  Vol.  VT,  p.  270. 


bntsllo^    f'-,nr.  :^  Jo    9r.  .:■  •       ,.'■••  ■ 

TI  af^ l«xBrfO  mmBvei  rri  ;  jooiq  oT^ 

o:a^  ^  .  .ie  Ic  :  ..^ 

fs-    ..-^    c,,-^*    t,  'i^'1^fp.f>    c.;-'-  ':?".-!  "'fit'    bl"o'?5 

S-lds'iSlJiofioj  To   8s^'iu02    cslii   8'i9ii''  fU&q  -    jbnB   jujii^fiiA   rii   ^t'^^'-^- 'J^ 
;  b£m   Dot  nsv'^^c   o  !'"        .  euns-vsi 

.soTid.:ra9   i'lwo'Xj   Qi:i>:   moil    seoi  *    ceXe 

hIo5   ritoi^  lie  no   b&lvbi   x£.?  .'-^jt*'!   ^'xov  b   ^£\i  rvjiri^f   ,30f'ifi.4  9r> 

Gfi    , Tirol  J  TO    9J&X1  ^    oioa   'loinj  jBluner  .orijinn  e   risiiw 


«    V   \ 


77 


matter  how  small,  he  v/as  compelled  to  call  a  tax  collector 
who  stamped  or  sealed  the  remaining  roll  of  cloth  and  thenw- 
collected  fifteen  per  cent  on  the  price  of  sale.   To  replace 
this  irritating  tax  Florida  Blanca  regulated  the  customs  du- 
ties so  that   all  the  provinces  had  the  saine  tariff  and  made 
it  so  as  to  afford  protedtion  to  domestic  industries,  wijtrhdraw- 
ing  the  favors  which  certain  nations,  especially  England  and 
Holland,  enjoyed.    By  these  changes  Florida  Blanca  claimed 
that  not  only  the  industries  and  agriculture  greatly  benefited 
but  al60  that  the  customs  revenues  had  risen  from  600,000    .  . 
pounds  to  1,300,000  pounce's.    The  eame  chapter  of  the  Statement 
also  contains  a  reference  to  a  change  in  the  tariff  for  ex- 
port, but  nc^hing  seems  to  have  been  done  in  this  respect. 

The  first  step  taken  toward  the  diminution  of  the 
Alcabala  and  cientos  was  the  removal  of  this  imposition  on 
manufactures  sold  at  the  factory  and  a  reduction  of  two  per  cent 
on  all  other  sales  made  in  f^adrid,  though  Florida  Blanca  de- 
sired Charles  to  extend  this  change  to  the  entire  kingdom. 
In  the  places  where  the  poor  were  accustomed  to  buy  their  pro- 
visions, ^he  alcabala  was  reduced  from  fourteen  per  cent  to 
eight  percent  in  Andalusia  and  to  five  per  cent  in  Castile. 
Florida  tjiought  that  this  reduction  would  not  only  greatly  j 
benefit  the  industries  and  commerce,  but  also  increase  the 
revenues  since  it  would  not  exasperate  the  people  to  such  a 

1.   F.  B.,  Statement. 


vv 


-.nob  nse4  ^visri   gr   iiiaeaa   jifiiri^'O' 
-:-  bMioI'^  ilaworft   ti^-i^  f^i   »^  il^  no 


78 


degree  that  they  would  buy  as  little  as  they  could  get  along 
with.   He  also  proposed  an  equivalent  tax  as  had  been  advo- 


cated  in  the   reign  of  Perdtinand  VI.        The   alcabala   for   the 

•  o«,    *;t     Vrse    '^;  iniA    ..;f    t  • '■    r  iviHi    v';s*r    'le    r  o\- 

peasants  was  reduced  to  two,  th'  ee  or  four  per  cen'^  according 
to  the  qualify  of  their  provisions  and  the  alcabala  on  v/heat 

was  removed  entirely.   The  taxes  known  as  millones  also  re- 

P  r  0  V  •       5?  V'  T'  J  f  %..  t    \  0  *■  h «?  fi '  i  1 1  c  '"■  I  lei  ♦  ">■  v*  -  ^    .-'  >■  ;  g  - 

ceived  a  considerable  reduction,  so  that  wine,  meat,  ainegar 

and  oil  became  considerably  cheaper.    Special  reductions  were 

made  in  the  tax  on  oil  since  it  Vvas  used  very  generally  as  a 
inciOin":-F,  which  neither  '^'-:e  z  3%   v^yin"?   of  '^  h*i  rror^r  vlsn^it'-f 
staple  food  and  because  it  was  necessary  to  the  manufacturers. 

To  compensate  for  these  reductions  made  for  the  benefit  of  the 

poorer  classes,  a  tax  was  levied  on  private  incom.es  and  though 
cent,  wc^ijlr*  lrc".-f^'.^f«  >  o'  t  '  vrv^.        -  e  llkr 

amou6ting  to  only  five  per  cent  it  excited  the  opposition  of 
the  proprietary  wh6  seemed  previously  to  hhve  escaped  the 
exactions  of  the  alcabala  tax.   The  argur ent  used  against 
this  imposition  was  that  it  was  new,  but  Florida  Blanca  de- 
clared that  it  was  only  a  step  toward  the  unica  contribucion 

which  had  been  projected  during  the  reign  of  his  brother  and 
■  *o  hv5ve  f;  rif- ■•t  *:  "■   c?e::'.r^:-r'      Ps  '^t:1'j    sev$n.  fi.'"ht,  nl''"-'-; 

that  it  was  practically  like  the  equivalent  tax  of  Catalonia, 
although  the  octroi  and  the  reduced  bolla  still  existed  there. 

The  octrois  of  Barcelona,  C-ironna  and  Valencia  were  fixed  at 

».   Ci  ;-  r.nd  t'.t*  ^-:.ch  f^cc  r  -sSj-^c  *■  ive  n^-ei^:^  ** 

eight  per  cent.   The  king  had  a  ri^ht  to  impose  the  alcabala 
and  cientos  which  amounted  to  fourteen  per  cent  on  all  sales 
and  also  the  millones  and  the  income  tax  was  only  a  shifting 
of  the  burden  from  the  poor  to  the  wealthier  classes.   Florida 
Blanca  says  on  the  subject  of  this  revenue  tax  :  "There  ws'.s  no 


-bvba  nsad  berf  ae  x©^  .^fn&lBvt/jpe  na   beeoqotiT  osXs  *«H        .:{tiw 

2Hibiojoi3  ^nsj  'x-^q  Ttjol  ^o  9»^n^  tO'*-  o:?  r>^j>Jb9T  saw  o'nBajJsq 
;fB9ffw  no  filscffijl0  ©rf:*  bns  aefolairoff  ilsrTrt  td  ^^  *il8fjp  «rif  of 
-<5-i   osIb    3^'nGlilji!   as    nMrorrA   8  0:<pt    ^vrfT        .  ;T -fj'fl-fns    bSvomQi-    ^e\w 

Slew  aaolSouoBt  I&tosqH        .twiB&do   ^jldBiabianoj  sms^ed  fJtdf  bciB 

a   ai£  Y-^is'J^ne'^  \:^9V   bsaji  asw  tl    sjrttn   lio  no  xBt   dif"^   rtf  9'ber^ 

.  aidiuSoa'luaBdi  exit   oi    -:ifiaa©jdn  3J5W  ^i    9ai;B;>«c!    dhb   bool   slqBJa 

-■aniB3i5  Jbssjj  i^n^^iw^giB  ©rJT        .  xb.^   slBdBolB  '^^.t  Td     ^ftf^r•^"'*  ii'^vV' 

-"9b  soriBl3  Bfoltoi^  ^vd   ,W9n  BftW  -fi    .terf*   b««^  «oi*iao  »ml   ai/l;f 

noiof/rfiitnou  Bjinir  fitl^  frtB^ot  qsifi  b  vXno  bb^  ti  ^Bdt   betslo 

bn&  TiM^oid  aiii  1:o  n^isi   9fi;t  snitifb  bs^usto^"'   '"^"^'^ '^f<^*  r^iif'v 

tflifiolB^fiO  to  XB>^   j'neisvtupe   sriJ^   93ili  -vjiiBot^oB-iq  aaw  ?x   crartJ^ 

.sterit   Jbo^aixs  liicfa  Bllod  beji/bd-s  bAS  ttiB  latoo  sKt  ji^gwoK^Xe 

•*B  bextl   ©'few  BionaX^V  bus.  amio^f-n    ,..af»o^«^:)-ferT  -^o  atoftfjo   e'"^? 

sXi^dfiaXs   erit  Bsoqwi    ot   :tri|li  b   JbBfl  sni-i   8-1T        .ra^jj  I's  j   ir.axs 

39lB8   IXs  no  ^ns;*  -iftq  ixes^^irol  v  rt»iri^/  ^^o^nsiu  brts 

anit^lrfe   s  ^Xno  sbw  XB:^   <5mo;jfTl    ©f(:*"  bne  s^irrontn  pfr'tt  osJb  tins 

ibiiol'?        .aeaselj  teirf^lBs^v   sr.T    oj   "ioo<  yni.^r        ''    " 

on  3SW  si^riT"    :    xa*   sxxnevei  atrf^  to   taetd  -  svbr  bowbJ  P 


proprietor  of  &  civil  income  who  did  not  have  to  contribute, 
either  directly  or  indirectly,  to  the  above  named  alcabalas 
and  cientos,  at  the  time  of  their  imposition,  when  he  bought'^" 
merchandise  in  the  markets.    If  then  the  proprietors  of  the 
civil  revenues  do  not  pay  the  nine  per  cent  from  v/hich  ''•he 
provisions,  subject  to  the  m.illones,  were  exempted  in  the  Cas- 
tiles  and  Andalusia,  how  could  they  have  been  burdened  by  the 
establishment  of  an  equivalent  tax  of  five  per  cent  on  the 
incomes,  which  neither  the  tax  payers  of  the  poorer  classes 
Aiy^the  consumers  possess  ?   In  the  same  way  the  alcabala  on 
manufactures  h^a^ing;  been  reduced  to  two,  ^hree  or  four  per 
cent,  would  increase  the  revenue  of  the  proprietor  in  a  like 
ratio  because  of  the  consequent  chea|!>ness  of  the  manufactures 
and  agricultural  products.'*   In  his  Statement  Florida  Planca 
Ghows  how  the  taxes  had  really  been  diminished  even  for  the 
proprietors,  for,  sai'^s  he,  :  "Is  there  a  new  tax  when  instead 
of  the  fourteen  per  cent  of  the  alcahala  which  your  majesty 
wotild  have  a  right  to  demand  imposes  anly  seven,  eight,  nine 
or  ten  by  distributing  this'tax  bfetveen  the  peasants  and  the 
proprietors  ;  between  the  sellers  and  the  purchasers  ;  between 
the  poor  and  th»>rich  according;  to  their  respective  means  ? 
And  yet  all  the  complaints  are  -founded  on  *-hat  fact.    The  ob- 
jection is  only  raised-  ^.'*ainst  this  tax  ■on' account 'of  ^i'?J  n6w- 
ftess.    v^ince  this  five  percent  has  been  added  to  the  two, 
three,  four,  five  and  even  seven  per  cent,  wi*th  which  some 
sales 


eT 


o  x^  i  .-?  . J  H  w»  4.  ij 


M^uod   9fi   neriw    ,noxti8oqftii 
9r.t  to   a*!ofoi 


'.IS 


-3»y  9ri:f  nx   bstqmexB   ©tsw   ,s9nollxiT!  srf^   oc*    ta^t^^J®   ,anoiBivotq 


^•ttjd  nssd  f 


.   'tP.Ul'.: 


.0    Kss  ' 

j?\7   e-  ?    r:S9  3?5  0^   s-  •  on 


3  9'I 


:  *Drft   to   S3  9n$ser{j   ^n©rrp9?3no.j 


^-^fJBJ 


v9   feSffB X a £cn lb  1199 d    rllBBt   berf  S'5X»;t    ©rf^t  worf  8W(; 


n29v;-&.::!    ;    s'lBatJi'i jiu'-i    9"i: 
^   anfiom  9v*J::fi>6qp8i  its 

-;/3n  sv    .:^xIL'OoJii   no   xa  ■ 

,owt   sfii   oi   bebl>fi   nesrf  aj&rf  *n 

» m o a    rr  J  t  rfw   .Hit.  i ./    ,  .•:  •1  ■>  j    '■':  ':.>  t   n  9  v 


■  o 

>r{i    tOB  ^ooq  ♦©lit 

:jO    ©r"*    lit-  jhA 

vj    3  1    noi*u©{, 
9jnlfi 

.0  9-t.'^.t" 


80 


sales,  which  are  very  few,  are  char^fed,  that  tax  has  never 
risen  to  fourteen  per  cent  which  your  majer^ty  would  generally 
have  a  right  to  impose.   For  most  of  the  proclucts  of  manufac- 
ture and  agricultare  this  contribution  does  not  rise  above 
six,  or  at  the  most  above  seven  pei^tdnt,  divided,  as  I  have 
Said,  among  the  proprietors,  the  peasants,  '^he  rich  and  the 
poor,  although  the  latter  are  not  so  heavily  burdened  because 
they  possess  little  property  and  because  they  contribute  every- 
thing from  their  labor."   The  tax  on  those  proprietors  who 
'.live  on  ^heir  estates,  instead  of  living  at  the  capitals,  was 
reduced  to  two  and  one  half  per  ce^t  i^a  order  tO;.  encourage  in- 
dustry with  that  class.   "I  ;        ""        l-.st  y^ur   ■- 

From  the  Statement  made  by  Florida  Blanca  ik  can  be 
feasily  seen  that  the  proprietors  had  until  the  establishment 
of  the  income  tax  escaped  the  oppressive  alcabala  and  »:ii Hones 
•end  that  their  opposition  to  the  lower  income  tax  was  because 
of  the  shifting  of  the  biirden  onto  their  shoulders.   The  peas- 
^ants  and  poorer  citizens  were  compelled  to  buy  their  provisions 
*t  the  public  market  and  therefore  could  not  escape  the  tax, 
"while  the  v;ealthy  proprietor  either  pi'oduced  his  own  necessaries 
ior'  traded  with  his  tenants  who  were  quite  as  eager  as  he  was 
i"to  escape  the  exactions  of  the  tax  collectors. 

The  cost  of  maintaining  the  Consejo  de  Ha^cianda  was 
^Ortnous  and  "^he  single  sala  de  unlca  contribuoion,  though  it 
had  achieved  no  definite  results,  consumed  600,000  pounds  an- 


Oo 


teven  aerC  xi^t   .-tsrf*    ,  he^4^«»rC5>  ©fe    ,we1:    vt<»v   «>tr   .'f:>i'iw    ^seXee 

•  vodB  ©ait  ^ton  asob  ciO£^*;(H*''*noo      9T0Mi;fi>iT,>^  hne   e^ut 

e3i/Ri>©^  b^W"  « v«#f{   08    tort   e  i'^c^ti^    c'xoo<I 

.8  3Bij   cT^rid  ri^iw  ^:i^8tf& 

ije.cp    i:»M  ;     iiwiiv     'ji^j^t  ,  tt'iy  :  y  iiquikSt  .m\J    -iftiil-i     i.iv':^^  .39 

aonoi  '  13  slsci«al»   avltiea^qqo    ©rf;t  .bot/3**8  9  xat   &mooa.  to 

rioiaivo-:q  ix9/<:^   XW«I^  o^t    balleqruoa   stew  8nasiti«>  leTooq  J»ni' 

atiw   Off  «.«   i[«^f  |tJ3    s^xjjp    919W   o:  *  tw   b»fo«i:t   10 

iBbnei.--  .    .  ..   ot^Bno')   ■  ■-  '  ' 

-riB  abnuoq  000,008   bomj/anoa   taili/ae  ^^ 


it 


nu.ally  in  salaries  anc'  adrninistra*-ive  expenses.    Al.nough 
Charles  III  and  his  ministers  redliz^cl' the  great' evil  o?  the' 
system  of  taxation  and  seem  to  have  reoogni^ea  the  true  cause 
of  its  inefficiericvj  the'reforms  that  were  instituted  were 


•■  X. 


rather  half-hearted  and  narrow.   r^vertheless  the  trend  of  the 
fiscal  policy  was  changed  and  nroke  down  at  least  part  of  the 

insurmountable  barriers  to  prosperity  in  the  industries  and 

r.u  na^y.   Charles  trii     J  ♦•o      •  tr;e  coat  of 
commerce •        " 

'         The  expenditures  of  ?pain  increased  in  a  measure 
proportional  to  her  economic  development.   During  the  reign 
Of  Philip  they  amounted  to  about  3,359,529  pounds  ;  to  3,779,183 
in*^the  reign  of  Ferdiriand  Vi  ;  and^  in*'i788,  the  last  year  of 
Charles*  reign^  t'hey  rose  to  a  grand  total  of  8,161,713  pounds. 
According  to  Canga-Arguelles  the  expenditures  which  were 
1,342,275  pounds  during  the  reign  of  Philip  III  rose  to 
27,297,991  pounds  during  the  reign  of  Charles  III.   The  ex- 
penditures  of  the  last  year ' or  the  reign  of  Charles  III  con- 
sisted of  the  follov/ing  items  :--  Royal  household,  747,621 
pounds  ;  secretaries  of  state,  82,444  pounds  ;  councils  snd 
tribunals,  1,879,830  pounds  ;  pensions,  32,935  pounds  ;  embas- 

1  7. 

sadors  and  ministers,  85,720  pounds  ;  revards,  52,258  pounds  ; 
secret  expenditures,  46,208  pounds  ;  extraordinary  expenses  of 
th6'' treasury, '440,833  pounds  ;  paymasters  of  fhe 'treasury, 
Si&,  633  pounds  ;  debts  of  Phildip  V,  6,187  pounds  ;  army,*  , 


1.  D 


.  y"cf.%'vol.  VI,  p 


18 


I  riJOr'tlA         .  F.V)arT'=>'T;x«»   s^^t^B'f^^lriimhf!    vine   g9ii*?I.e'?    ni    x^^fi^^ 

91SW  bsiuiiitftrri    ®*I9W   cfsif^  errnolarc  ©rf^    ? ^aneJt jiltenx    8:fx     ^ 

9fi;t  la-  (fidq   :f«i3»i   ^b  nwob  i^-Aond   pes   ^f*,-!it£fy   8«w    cjiXoq  iBdex'i 

.  sjt amino o 
I 

t^ i*©'^  ^aal   ©rit    ,83 VI  nl   baB    i    IV  bnsni. felts'^  lo  n^iei  9rf.t  ni 
.eftrtwc^  KIT, 1^1,8  T-c  ie3'0:f  b'^Blt'^  G*a??    ^ao^TY  .-^'ilei    •selierfO 

oJt   dfioift  III   qi I ifi*!  lo  ugiei  ^rit   yiaixub  tfrnvo*   dVS^S^&^I 

-x«   sr'T        .TIT    soJTerff)  ^o   n^ist   $rf*   -iniivb   2»7ftir€T   lee^Ves.^S 

-noj   H  T- seii^n'.)  'to  asisn:   9.nL?  t^©  TB©"^wSSi    suit    ic   8©'Xij:J'x. ana q 

IS8,VI»T    ,6Io;1&aiJO/f  IbyoH  -*:   emeti   ?^niwoIIot  »H^  t,-©  bslel^s 

slion'JOo    ;    Rbnisoq  I^M^eS©    fS"*??*^'  to   «©fxfi*©ii>»8    ;    al^niwq 

-a  ^iFi'-    ;    o'-i.u"oq   a€e,SC    »snoJtanyq    i    s'jauu^-   058,eV8,i    ^^slj-'cwitfl'"-' 


8d 


3,414,380  pounds  ;  intendarits  and   oofnmissloners,  44,445  pounds; 
charity,  48,100  pounds  ;  navy,  2,000,000  pounds  ;  loan  banks, 
64,718  pounds  ;  interest  on  bonds,  575,466  pounds  ;  interest  - 
on  other  debts,  430,619  pounds  ;  making  the  abov6"  named  total 
of  8,611,717  pounds,  out  of  whioh  5,414,380  pounds  were  used 
for  the  ariny  and  navy.  .  The  most  important  items  of  expense 
are,  the  public  debt,  the  royal 'household  expenses  and  the 
army  and  navy.   Charles  tried  hard  to  reduce  the  cost  of 
maintaining  his  court  and  established  a  Junta  to  see  that  the 
arount  should  not  i  increase.  -  iu^..  ;ii 

The  necessities  of  war  compelled  Charles  III  to  in- 
crease his  army  to  a  considerable  extent.    The  num.ber  of 
militia  regiments  was  raised  to  forty-two  and  various  compa-  n- 
nies  of  urban  m.ilitia  were  maintained.   Charles  III  passed 
various  ordinances  for  the  improvement  of  the  army  ;  disci- 
pline was  restored  and  the  army  was  placed  on  a  respectable 
footing.   The  creation  of  schools  of  infantry,  artillery, 
cavalry  and  the  engineer  corps  vms  a  good  proof  of  the  inter- 
est Charles  felt  for  his  army. 

After  the  peace  v/hich  followed  the  disastrous  war  of 
1761,  Spain  had  only  about  t^feirty-seven  vesseld  of  the  line 
and  about  thirty  frigates.    In  1770  there  were  fifty-one  ships, 
ranging  from  ii2  to  58  guns  ,^  twenty-two  frigates  besides  a 
number  of  smaller  vesseld,  making  one  humdred  and  two  vessels 

1.   Muriel,  Vol.  VT,  p.  141. 


J8 


,?^>in«d   nsol    ;    a^rr    :   000,000,.^    eVt^>?r!  ;    Bbntjoq  001  tB^    ,vf Ij^iiBrfy 

'-•-s;    9-xew   3*:>«x;oq  OS^^ii^Ir^ja   /fjtrfv  e;o    t'^i^'nuo'i   VIVtIIdtS  ^o 

bXoil 

olcffi                   "4  no  lO^aei  5ew  sfilq 


ft  ovvjL  nl 

.-.^    3ftt?.?)cf  5?:'C*B:3i*T'i   ow*-v5r!«;'.  'it   motl:   snti^nsf 


.1        .  .lov   , 


m 


in  all.    In  1774  Spain  had.  sixty-four  ships  of  the  line, 
eight  of  which  were  three-deckers,  twenty-six  frigates,  nine 
shebecks  and  twenty-eight  other  vessels  of  less  strength,  mak- 
ing a  total  of  one  hundred  and  forty-two.    In  1778  before  the 
second  war  with  "England,  the  Spanish  fleet  consisted  of  sixty- 
seven  ships  of  the  line,  thirty-two  frigates,  besides  other 
ships,  in  all  numbering  one  hundred  and  sixty-three.    The  sup- 
port of  this  fleet  demanded  great  sums  of  m^ney  and  was  the 
cause  of  the  financial  difficulties  in  v/hich  the  government  be- 
came involved  previous  to  the  founding  of  the  national  bank.* - 
with      The  finances  of  Spain  during  the  reign  of  Charles  IT I 
were  hampered  by  the  excessive  burdens  of  the  army  anci  navy  and 
though  the  ministers  of  this  reign  tried  to  Improve  fiscal  con- 
ditions their  remedies  seem  to  have  been  only  temporary  and 
were  in  most  cases  applied  rather  timidly.        ''"^  -^ 

policv  w^l 


S8 


TMiB    ^i*t;v  o  [rtt^t   x£fJ^   asM  *-'  .    a^ib&r'^t  tt^t  eriol-^tb 


r£^  d^  tw  Iter'  ]b£fO;;ea 

a  ft  }  r      Q.'f  ■ 

-'i&dlflAia    ii' 

•'---till.  &ff-»  ' 


m 


CHAPTER  Aa I .     « ?-^  ft f?  •■  '  pi. ">' ; ? t 

of  tte   'r-  of  t.hi«{  tex  th*--  ad- 

Until  the  reign  of  Charles  III  -ihe  restrictions  on 
trade  and  corranerce  were  practicall-y  prohibitive  and  as  a  re-  , 
suit  it  was  either  carried  on  as  a  i-ionoiioly  or  by  srnuggleFS. 
As  early  as  1760  Charles  and  his  ministers  began  to  devise 
projects  by  which  they  hoped  to  promote  the  commerce  of  Spain 
with  Algiers,  Tunis,  the  Levant  and  America.    Departing  from 
the  principle  of  exaggerated  protection  initiated  by  Philip 
V  Charles  remove*  the  duty  An  many  foreigh'Tnanufactures,  cocoa 
and  sugar,  and  re  imposed  them  only  in  order  to  defray  the  ries 
expenses  of  the  war  with  Oreat  Britain.   In  176,0  he  also  Vrik 
made  a  commercial  treaty  with  England  so  that  foreign  commerce 
might  be  put  on  a  more  advantageous  basis.    The  vacillating 
policy  which  Charles  was  following  in  these  commercial  reforms 

was  more  aiparent  when  in  1764  he  prohibited  absolutely  the 

2 
exportation  of  silk  called  cabezas.    Then  again  a  year  later 

he  reverted  to  his  original  pian  and  proclaimed  the  abolition 
of  internal  customs  duties  on  grain,  so  that  i*-  might  be  trans- 
ported from  one  province  to  another  without  an  exorbitant  tax 
which  made  exportation  so  expensive  that  one  province  would 


1.  D.  y  C,  Vol.  VI,  p.  245. 

2.  Ibid,  Vol.  VI,  p.  246. 


^3 


I 
moil  3ni;ti6q&a  .fi;ijti9inA  bnB  toBv^l  &ri*    ,ai0£r?   ,at8iaIA  ri:Mw 

fiirl.*   ^ail^b  o^  labto  fli  xi«o  fls®^^  l>9»o'^^?fnt»i   bna   «tBj|iia  ban 

ORlis   9r[  OdVI  ill        .xiia^t^^a  ^saiD  rf-*^        ..^    *4Jt -lii**.  e:«?^'^^^'T«e 

9jT9Hiraoy  n^i»iol   i»iU   o^   bnsXsnST  rf:flw  vjifitb-ict   iBij-isramoj  c5   ©i>Bw 

3ia'iv> .  r      IiUut9[n!t}0j   ©a^rit   ni    ^niwoiloT:   aew    .,._<.., jx{ '3  n'oirfv  ■^^jtloi 
mit   Y-ta-uIoecfe   bs-tlc'irfoiq   ©ri  l-BTi   nt   n^riw  ^rieisq  B   diora  saw 

a 

ts^Bl  ise-^i  B  aiB^fi  n^rfT  .aasadBj   baJLIaa  >IXia  to  nol^Btntoqx© 

-:iaB*i:f   ©d   -iijitra   ''i    tBrI-    oa    ,jKiij*:;3  ao   ^^iiah  suio^taw^  iBxri^vai  l^ 
3CB;}'  Jfnfitlcfioxs  aa   tjjorj^iw  fejri.ton  ftno  raott   fjattoq 


,-6t-        .  .   ' 


86 


suffer' alb  so  fiitV  v/ah^  M^^iTfe  '  ei   neighbor  inc  ohe  had  more  food 
prodvicts  than  were  needed  for  home  consumption.  '-The  evils  ^^ 
of  this  system  were  inestimable  and  it  seems  as  if  almost  an:'^ 
other*  country  but  Spain'' wdWlbf  have' W^  ruined  under  so  r;reat 
a  burden.    A.t  the  time  of  the  abolition  of  this  tax  the  ad- 
vantages of  this  reform  were  slow  to  be  felt  for  the  means  of 
transportation  were  confined  to  be'a^tis  of  burden  and  the  roads 
'end  canals  had  not  yet  experienced  the  salutary  measures  of 
■?'lorida  Planca.    In  the  same  year  of  1765  Charles  reaffirmed 
the  law  passed  by   Ferdinand  VI  hy   which  he  forWd^'  t'hfe  efkporta- 
•tion  of  rags  as  being  injurious  to  the  paper   industry  and  also 

eatablished  so-called  free  trade  between  the  island  of  Cuba, 

2 

the  Windward  Islands,  and  Spain.  :  ^'^  In  1767  a  royal  itecree  was 

'issued  which  proclaimed  internal  free  tra^^e  in  all  necessaries 

3 

of  life.     "Since  then,  the  liberty  of  internal  commerce  was 

a  principle  constantly  guarded  in  Spain,  in  harmony  with  the 

iilGctrine  upheld  with  respect  to  liberty  of  agriculture  and  of 

4 
'industry." 

External  commerce  was   the  subject  of  profound  study 

on  the  part  of  Florida  Blanca  and  tlie  Marquis  de  Senora  and 

in  the  year  1778  free  trade  v/ith  the  colonies  was  declared  ; 

though  as  early  as  1764  Charles  had  attacked  the  monopoly  of 

<^he  galleons  by  establishing  a  regular  line  of  vessels  leaving 

9----   -   -----------_._-- 

1.  Huriel,  Vol.  Vl,  p.  143. 

2.  D.  y  Q.,  Vol.  VI,  p  .  247. 

3.  Ibid.  '^'-^  •  ^ 

4.  Ibid. 


56 


food   eiom  bsrf   eno  ^aliodrfalsn  b     slirlw   tasw  ©ctjjloadk-    .Tub 

-be   f^riS  xaS  aiff;t  to  rioi:tiiod«   srit  lo    ^mi^   ©rid    -\        .nsbiu-^f  8 
to    ariH'^'^)"!   srff 'toiT'    *l9l    erf   0"f   woT^'    A'jfi.v'  (•tolai   sIjI  ]^i^\^*n^\f 

1©  aafwea^em  ^istulBS   ©/!:?   beoftfttiaqx©  i'«'^   ^on  ftsri  slBctsj   bns 

<Q   a.'!   &^ii(i^Q"i   Bff  cf4)iriw  x^f  IV  iwisnlbTS'^   \;d  Jbeaseq  w«I   9d;t 
03l5  has  v^:^siJb^x  .^  'Ot  auottut^-t  sni«d  afc>   s^i  16  nol* 

jBdwD  to    bnslai   d/ff  iidcwjta^  »h«'t;t  «8Tt    bellBJ--^^    n.^.-??>  r  f^f-tr  r« 

SI 

lo   bnfl  ^n.utXj;j>tiaB  to  >j^i9dtl  o*  4';>8f<|adT   K,tijr  bXsrfqu   suiiJaob 

•^btfts  bns/oto^q  to  to^t^^J^*   ^df  &tsw  ^o*i^nmQj  lBnf9txI^ 

bis  6ioae5J   sb  aiifp-tfiM  9-:.^   bnM  awneXH  fibitoXl  to  i^neq  drtcf  no 

; -be-tsX jBb  agw  av^tnoloj   srC^  ri^i^f  <**^^»?''t   09it  6VVX   *f«otr   <4ff*   mI 

to  ^:Xoqo^ora  oriit   6d?f^Bt;t6   bfirf  aeitariO  ^dVl   qb  ^Xi«6  as  d^^odi 

j^ftfvsftX   al9?jp!9v  td   drttX  -ffiXfisB^it  fi   :'^itld8iXds^aa  t<*  a«09XXB5  ejit 


1    ,1 


oo 


Corunna  for  Cuba  and  Porto  Rico  at  intervals  of  one  month. 
This  decree  of  1778  was  called  "Ordinance  on  the  free  coiimierce 
with  the  colonies?  but  the  term* free*  was  only  a  relative  one, 
for  the  freedom  consisted  only  in  allowin^:,  the  courts  of 
Seville,  Cartagena,  Alicanti,  Barcelona,  Corunna  and  Oijon 
to  carry  on  trade  with  the  Indies  of  which  Cadiz  until  then 
had  had  the  monopol: .   The  same  decree  destroyed  the  monopoly 
of  the  galleons  and  treasure  fleets  so  that  in  the  sam.e  year 
of  1778  Cadiz  sent  out  66  vessels,  Corunna  26,  Barcelona  23, 
Malaga  34,  Santander  13  and  Alicanti  13,  of  a  total  value  of 
500,000  pounds.    A  little  later  the  privilege  of  trading  v/ith 
the  colonies  vf«.s  extended  to  the  rest  of  the  Spanish  ports 
with  the  exception  of  the  BB-'^qve  provinces  and  Biscay  v.hich 

preferred  to  retain  their  old  privileges  and  the  profits  of  an 

2 

interloping  trade  to  those  of  a  regular  comjnerce.    New  Spain 

did  not  enjoy  these  trade  privileges  until  1786  and  the  amount 
of  merchandise  v/hich  could  then  be  sent  there  was  not  to  ex- 
ceed six  thousand  tons.   The  good  effects  of  this  ordinance 
v/ere  far  reaching  and  v/ere  quickly  felt.    In  less  than  ten 
years  the  exportation  of  foreign  merchandise  had/been  trebled 
and  domestic  exportation  had  increased  to  five  times  its  former 
dimensions.'    The  importations  into  America  increased  from 
160,000  to  nearly  3,000,000  pounds  and  the  exportations  to 


1.  Muriel,  Vol.  VI,  p.  170. 

2.  Ibid,  Vol.  VI,  p.  168? 

3.  Ibid,  Vol.  VI,  p.  169. 


.^■"'. 


'■-0   e^'i  i-YQli..                                ;xaauv   moDe-    '              -lux 

lor*    fit-!./   xib«D  r^jjt-^'w  to   ^eihnl    erll   r{;?i>                  rto  v*rt.ej   o* 

IK  «ao^: 

e^S   enoIgjffiQ    jc-v'  13'^nwioO    ,'3l92'i9\'"  33    Jtjo    .^n^;".    stheO  3VVI  to 

/i-sq    triLir.Te.+  iai    »J[;t?iI    A  ^:>.>:il'l  •    000,006 

?^j'ti=*«"  t'''To    Ht-^'^l   to  «.1o9tt9    0003   9rrT        .ano:?    f>aB^"0'-*t   xls    hfefo 

;idw    afini4    iisai    nl  .tXet   ^^iijiyj^   d!X*W   bag  $,■    '        ^*i  -Xiri   a^idv/ 


B7 


1 
Europe  from  620,000  to  8,000,000.   All  the  maratime  provinces 

of  Spain  were  greatly  beneficed  by  this  lav  and  commeroe  re- 
ceived a  great  impetus.    Catalonia  became  very  prosperous 
because  of  these  privileges  and  its  present  commercial  suprema- 

''ty'"(^'':tes    from  1778,    Louisiana,  Florida  and  Trinidad  were 
given  special  trade  privileges  and  consequently  experienced 
considerable  prosperity  in  their  industries  and  commerce. 
T^exico  was  placed  on  a  better  economic  footing  by  receiving 
a  market  for  tobacco,  wheat  and  sugar  cane,  v/hile  Buenos  Ayres 
exported  salt -cod  «nd  wheat  to  Spain,  thus  procuring  not  only 

V'good  market  but  also  giving  the  Spaniards  an  opportunity  to 
free  themselves  from  the  humiliating  dependency  upon  the  Eng- 
lish for  their  great  staple  fish-food.   The  lav/  forbidding 
foreigners  trading  with  the  Indies  to  come  v/ithin  twenty 
leagues  of  the  peninsula  was  repealed  by  Charles.   One  great 
disadvantage  under  which  '^he  Spaniards  labored  in  their 
struggle  for  com.mercial  prosperity  "was  ^:he  scarci'^y  of  good' 
sailors  so  -^hat  much  of  the  carrying  trade  was  in  *"he  hands  of 
foreigners. 

One  of  the  principal  reasons  for  the  establislmient 
of  free  trade  v.'ith  colonies  was  the  desire  on  the  part  of 
Charles  and  his  ministers  to  entourage  the  exportation  of  the 
home  manufactures  and  it  was  for  f^is  purpose  that  various 
woolen  and  cotton  goods  were  exem:pted  from  duties  for  ten  years, 

-    >    i:t-a'  ^li^  ;_•  i  J.  I^   '.l^-  _    _   _    _    .    _    .    _    _    _    .    .  . 

1.   Muriel,  Vol.  VI,  p.  171. 


a0ot 


»  '  A 


iOOeO^; 


■'.J 


ao^r^A  F.orfOM^i   ©iiriw    esneo 


:   ;tB»rlw   ,oaoadoT   "T 


-•Ifts    be 


?  noqt?   \:on8biie<jefc'  moil   asvlssr 


^  r 


sjs.r    i'  LiS'i^o^'i 


lo  abnaff   jjn  r   ai   a> 


to  ffoi/ft!  ;tBfft  oe  etoIlBB 


'^  -I  stC 


:oioj 


BBtt    IO 


i  «J  lUvt 


jOW 


B& 


while  foreign  mantifactures,  Y/ines,  oil  and  brandy  were  ex- 
cluded froyn  the  Indies.    The  same  ordinance  decreed  that  all 
vessels  loaded  entirely  v^ith  domestic  products  should  he  ex- 
empted from  one  third  of  the  export  duty  and  all  colonial 

products  as  cotton,  sugar,  cochineal,  Indigo,  coffee,  copper 

2 
and  quinine  Twere  to  be  entirely  free  from  export  duty.    Gold 

was  taxed  five  per  cent  and  silver  ten,  v/hich  rate  was  later 

reduced  to  two  and  five  and  one-hplf  per  cent  respectively. 

The  exportation  of  gold  in  any  form  and  silver  in  bars,  as 

well  as  threaded  cotton  and  building  wood  to  foreign  countries 

v/as  absolutely  forbidden.   The  absurd  customs  duties,  levied 

according  to  the  size  of  the  article,  were  abolished  and  an 

3 
ad  valorem  tax  wa»  fixed. 

The  main  objections  raised  by  opponents  of  free  trade 
with  the  colonies  were  dictated  by  self-interest  and  came  iflitify  free 
Cadiz  vvhich  had  been  shorn  of  the  monopply.   It  was  argued 
that  the  contraband  trade  had  increased  under  the  new  system 
and  that  it  was  cheaper  for  a  foreign  nation  to  trade  with 
colonies  than  it  was  for  Spain  since  the  rpofits  of  the  con- 
traband trade  were  so  great  &s  to  make  almost  any  risk  prefer- 
able to  legitimate  trade  ;  but  since  the  revenues  from,  the 

customs  diities  were  doubled  this  argument  had  very  little 

4 
weight.    Still  the  contraband  trade  was  a  great  obstacle  to 

1.  Bourg.,  Vol.  II,  p.  195. 

2.  Ibid,  Vol.  II,  p.  195. 
5.  Ibid,  Vol.  VI,  p.  197. 
4.  P.  B.,  Statement. 


Ifilaaloj   XXa  htm  ^cJi; 


i  n-^l      .  Ttlififf 


i  -l'    >'.♦••  f «i 


r.c.'^T- 


—  *.  a*^  e>'*n      -Jri  r 


,*g(jiQj[k<     •J-* .J ill     r\  ♦     j^  tJ     4i;f(i,»T\i     ( ,  ,•>     t^nti.T     f»FA 


eld:fii   fTev-  ;  >«XdiiOv)  ft-se./  eel 


7    ,  r  i.V    .  U  r  .'f T 


8$ 


making  the  colonies  a  reliable  source  of  revenue.   The  high 
duties  levied  on  foreign  goods  toward  the  latter  part  of 
Charles*  reign  ge.ve  foreigners  so  great  an  advantage  "^hat  the 
Spamiards  could   in  no  v/ay  compete  with  them  in  supplying  the 
colonies .   It   was  absolutellr  impossible  to  guard  the  coast'  of 
so  vast  a  possession  as  the  Spaniards  had  in  Ar'erica  and 
Bourgoing  figured  that  the  Spaniards  paid  twenty-eight  per"  '■ 
cent  duty  on  foreign  articles  before  selling  them  to  the  '■** 
colonies,  v^hile  the  foreigner  paid  abo&'t  'df bur  ipef  c'ent'export 
and  four  per  cent  insurance  premium,  against  risks.    This  gave 
^he  foreigner  an  advantage  of  twentv-two  per  cent  so  that  it 
v/ai  quite  natural  that  the  colonists  shouJ.d  prefer  to  trade 
with  them..    The  islands  along  the  Aj:qerican  coast  were  used  as 
entrepots  for  contraband  goods  and  this  illicit  trade  "was  car- 
ried on^Hs'Si^th'^y^'We  colon is'ts'as^'ty'^or&igfeef's*  '^-■^^'^^'     ^ 
^'        The  colonies  both  in  Am.erica  and  in  India'  viere   under 
the  control  of  the  Council  of  the  Indies,  which  was  chosen  by 
the  king  and  divided  into  adninistrative  and  judicial  chaml)ers 
'as  was  the  Council  of  Castile.   The  Marquis  of  Senora  ifas  at 
the  head  of  this  council  during  Florida  Bianca»s  administration 
and  it  vras  he  who  first  proposed  the  plan  of  granting  free 
trade  v/ith  colonies.   He  had  previously  been  vice-roy  of 
Mexico  and  his  experience  there  gave  him  an  insight  into  "'."he 
needs  of  the  colonies.   Curiouslv  enough  Mexico  was  the  last 

1.   Bourg.,  Vol.  II,  p.  209. 


?o    *tf?.q   tB*tFji   Mf    b-rswol   aboo  to   bstvnl   sstctrrb 

erfi   ran-     8g£«j:i:3v,n£;   n.s    .:t.'.'t)'!3  oa   a-ion^xt^-iu:    9V33   ngx-'i  :    ' -i^i'iiiriD 
8ii:t   3nt)ii<Ifiua   ai  mud^   j^jtw  'jaw  on  nil  bluoti  Hhtait 

to    ts#?oj    on-t    ^-!'■gf^«>   of    9*  cfia^orfmi   ^I  ?:?fjlcsni?    rj/r/"-  .:M         .  aslnolou 

9VS3  BlriT  .asisti  taatsge   nuiitfdtGf  aonfiijuanl   icio^ 

aj8  bdaii   91©,/  tafjou  nuax'i&f'iA   erf.t   ^nola  8tfcy«i«I  .isisiicf  rftlw 

-  cA.i  ;^,  ;  V  fi^ss'it  ^i;iilll   aldf  hem   sboo^  baedstttio.i  '^ot   a,+  ocTft^*rt« 


90 


Of  the  provinces  in  America  to  receive  free  trade  in  1786  and 
then  restrictions  were  placed  on  the  trade  so  that  only  six   ' 
thousand  tons  of  merchandise  were  allowed  to  enter  that  coun- 
try «ach  year.       "-?  --^.  >    v.-:,.:on,  v-".'.'''^ 
i;         Charles*  policy,  in  all  matters  affecting  coranerce, 
was  rathf^r  for  promotion  of  industrial  prosperity  than  for^"- 
conmerce  proper.    The  duties  imposed  on  foreign  goods  show  a 
desire  to  build  up  a  market  in  the  colonies  for  Spanish  pro-  • 
ducts.   The  king;  and  his  ministers  seem.ed  to  have  forgotten^ 
that  since  m.ost  of  the  m.erchandise  had  to  be  brought  from,  other 
countries  bec-^use  it  was  nct?jTianufactu.red  at  all  in  Spain  a 
tax  of  six  per  cent  would  have  placed  the  Spaniard  on  about 
an  equal  footing  with  the  interloping  foreigner.    In  looking 
at  tlie  ordinances  and  decrees  of  Charles  we  can  find  only  two 
which  purposed  to  advance  commerce  at  the  apparent  expense 
of  industries.   Those  7fete"'f.'he   decree  of  1765  for  internal 
free  trade  and  possibly  the  one  of  1778  proclaiming  free  trade 
with  the  Indies  and  particularly  in  the  concessions  made  to 
Florida  and  Louisiana.    Trade  with  other  European  nations  was 
if  anything  discouraged  since  tt  was  thought  that  the  only 
things  Spain  could  receive  were  manufactured  goods  in  place  of 
their  raw  materials,  as  wool  and  hemp.   Both  export  and  import 
taxes  were  charged  and  formalities  attendant  upon  customs 
regulations  were  extremely  burdensome.   Boujrgoing  says  that 


1.   Bourg.,  Vol.  II,  p.  218. 


0^ 


leri^a  mof'\   td^uoid  act  o.^  berf  sQlbn.^-Kc  Lq  .tfeom,  ^yai*- 

B  nieqcl  ni  lis  :fa  baic/ioaluxiBci^ on  a/iw  Si   9  a9i*i^aM0j 

I«aid;*nJ:     tot  adVI  to  a5»t;ja&  84<t   »^«w  dao4T        .aati^aiti 
9bfs*t:^  3»tl   a^xcIi^XaP1^  3VV1  to  eno   ^i;?  ;^J,tfJLBSQ^q  i^fifi  9i>6Tcf   esTl 


.8. 


91 


"it  is  above  all  in  respect  to  foreign  commerce  that  Spain 

1 
plays  an  inactive  part."    Ke  excepts  Barcelona  in  this  judg- 
ment of  Spanish  coirimercial  activity,  saying  that  its  exports 
consisted  mainly  of  silk,  cloth,  cotton,  v/ines  and  brandies 
and  its  greatest  article  of  iinport  was  the  salt-cod  v/hich  the 
Enfilish  caught  off  the  Newfoundland  coast.   The  English  re- 
ceived more  than  three  million  pounds  annually  for  this  com- 
merce, although  various  attempts  to  substitute  this  fish  with 
some  other  kind  had  been  made.   The   French  writer  remarks  on 
•the  singularity  of  a  heretic  nation  supplying  a  Catholic  na- 
Ltion  v/ith  the  article  of  food  v/hich  was  generally  prepared 
with  salt  taken  from  Spain  and  caught  in  v.aters  first  dis- 

r- 
C 

covered  by  tlie  Spaniards. 

The  slave-trade  \;hich  had  been  granted  as  a  monopoly 

to  the  English  by  the  treaty  of  Utrecht  was  given  to  a  Span^- 
vish  company  when  that  monopoly  expired.    This  Spanish  company 

had  its  entrepot  at  Porto  Rico  and  when  in  1780  its  franchise 

came  to  an  end  the  government  of  Spain  undertook  to  carry  on 

this  trade  itself.   For  that  purpose  it  acquired  from  Portugal 
tthe  two  islands  of  Ferdinando  Po  and  Annobon  when  the  treaty  of 

peace  was  made  in  1778.    Bourgoing  says  that  *hese  islands  v/ere 
, poorly  situated  for  this  traffic  and  that  the  Spaniards  did 

not  possess  the  proper  ^vessels  for  carrying  slaves,  nor  did 
•^ithey  have  surgeons  who  understood  the  diseases  of  the  negro. 


1.  Bourg.,  Vol.  II,  p.  175. 

2.  Ibid,  Vol.  II,  p.  175. 

3.  Ibid,  Vol.  II,  p.  249. 


V      .^  ..^    ^v  "J. 


aaJtrfi^OB-rt  g.ti  Ot3'?X,  ni  n«rfw  ixn^  ojtH  otto*!  t-a  cfoq 
0  Y-B»'i^    eri?   rterfw  7«ifJOftnA   baa   c 
fox  a  70 fi   ,a^v«Ici  jfjni\"int0;>t  toPt  »I 


^ 


Later  contracts  were  let  '^•o  foreigners  to  furnish  a  certain 
number  of  slaves  annually  so  that  the  colonies  might  receive 
an  adequate  supplv  .    ■  . 

Various  commercial  companies  had  been  founded  prior 
to  Charles*  reign  and    as  a  rule  v/ere  short-lived.   The  most 
famous  of  these^  devotecpi  "to  European  commerce,  were  those  of 
Aragon,  Saragossa,  Granada,  Sevilla,  Toledo  and  Burgos,  all 
of  which  had  become  extinct  as  early  as  1784.    The  grem.ios 
gr   guildp  had  ^t   first  revfiy^d  aU  concesgions^j^n. Jhe  ivay,  of 
commercial  monopolies,  but  v/it'n  the  formation  of  the  Caraccas 
com-pany  their  influence  decreased.    Campomanes  and  J.  vellanos 
attacked  these  corPorayioj:is,aji^  in  tHat  way  caused  the. monopoly 
Of  trade  with  the  Indies  to  be  taken  from  the  Cinao  gremios 
mayores,  the  most  profitable  guilds  in  Spain.'^   The  Caraccas 
ViOmpsny.v.'as  fou^de^  in  1723  and,. in  17^2  had  12  large  trading ' 
vessels,  Iflk; ships  to  guard  the  coasts  and  employed  2800  seamen. 
But  its  lack  of  judgment  in  importing  too  much  cocoa  from  1770 
to   111  A   reduced  its  profits  to  a  larre  (degree  and  when  in  ..^.^ 
1780  Rodney  captured  one  of  its  treasure-ships  it  received  a - 
blow  from  which  i^  never  recovered.  ^y'r>.      -"'o 

,  ,,  ^  The  fgrmation  of  a  Philippine  company  had  been  pra- 
posed  as  early  as  1757),  but  the  distance  and  d;angers  of  a  sea 
voyage  to  these  islands  prevented  the  plans  from  meeting  with 
any  degree  qf  success.    In  1767  Musquiez,  the  minister  of 


1.  Colmeiro,  Vol.  II,  p.  457. 

2.  D.  y  C,  Vol.  VI,  p.  242. 


3f? 


'r>9ft3i 


9'i  9  >. 


i«^vii  r 


t<j<fmc;ri 


-If erfO   ot 


^l><:f   bBH  rf ^i ifW' ^ 0 


loltq  bs'^nifot   n99d  barf  asirtfiq 

'lis    ,a03TJ/a   bnar  bfr^lcT    ^nliiv-y 
X 

.^    anox«fe#6noj   lis   !j^1rl<a;>o-^    *   -^tt    tfi   bBff  sMiua  -jo 
aisooteiBO  9fl:f   lo   ftottBiTTtol   ©f{^'i*.tlw  JtirtJ   fa^il-:  .-ioiefTifnoo 

aolffTS't^  o^ntO   fir':*   n'.cil   rtd>lB;f   9d  (y&  fesif^nl    e  rw  ebB'x^f  'io 

3D  ^ffT  .nteqS   ni   febXirj^S   sItfB:* tto^q  taom  sdt    ,a9io^:i?rr 

^nlBfif^   dgtBl  Sf  bsff  2BVI   fti    bnj»  B2VI   nl   bebm/e^  8»w  ^rtbqriuv. 

t>VTI  moVl   fiCToO-j  f^jf/rf  oot  3nl  aut  to  :?CobI   ail   .tucT 

nl   ne.ffw   .in   99T38*b   9;1bI   e  W 'iiti:*to*tq  ait   ft'^j^fifta-f''*^'^''"'    r*^ 

3   hevts^ifii   ft   aitrfs-stcfaasii  aft  '*to  9no   b  :bo5i  OdYi 

89a   e  to   3Tdar:^.b  h.ie   e;>n9:talb  '^K  ;    TV!  af0  ^lt»^  aB   b^soq 

to  Tts^tainirrr  srf*    ,setjjpefcrM  VBV  ■    ■T        .  i-.^^. 


Ta^    .q    t 


oV    ,0 


9S 


finance,  conceived  the  project  of  founding  a  company  composed 
of  Frenchmen  and  Spaniards  and  Choiseul  tn ought  he  might  com- 
bine this  company  with  his  "East  India  Company  arid' therefore 
encouraged  its  foundation.    But  this  first  plan  failed  and 
was  only  revived  in  1785,  by  d'Estaing  and  the  Prince  of  Has- 
^ftt-^t'e|en^-lho  having  visited  the  Philippines  on  "a  trip  around 
the  world  proposed  to  found  a  post  for  trade  with  China  there  a 
and  he  offered  to  subjugate  the  Moro  pirates  who  were  costing 
the  Spaniards  20,000  pounds  annually.    This  proposition  was 
coldly  received  by  the  Spaniards  and  then  abandoned.   The 
matter  v/as,  however,  brought  up  again  in  1784  when  a  junta' 
presided  over  by'OalVe^,'' the  Marquis  of  Se'nora, 'w^s  appointed 
to  found  a  Philippine  trading  company.   It  was  proposed  that 
the  capital  should  be  8,000,000  dollars  q^f  which  the  ^ank  of 
San  Carlos  Was  fo  talce  on6  si'xth.   Cabarrue,  the   founder  of 
that  bank,  was  the  one  who  procured  the  iKecessary  funds  ?nd 
he  divided  the  capital  into  32,000  shares  of  250  dollars  each. 
The  king  and  his  family  invested  larfje"  suifi's  in  the  new  enter- 
prise and  great  enthusiasm  v/as  manifested  by  the  merchants  of 
Madrid  and  other  cities.   The  Cinco  Oremios  of  Madrid,  v^ho 
had  controlled  this  trade  previously  opi^'osed 'the  n^w  company 
and  refused  to  take  any  of  its  shares,  but  hurriedly  sent  out 
a  ship  of  their  own.   Unfavorable  weather  compelled  it  to 
return  and  the  ship  and  cargo  were  finally  sold  to  the  company. 


1.  Bourg.,  Vol.  II,  p.  256, 

2.  Ibid. 


5G 


F)9Roqf!T0j   vnaqmc  .  :,  ^ejfiJB rril 

9to*iei»rf^   'one   ^^fwqmoO  ^Ibnl   isA^'A  ai/I  il.*iw  '>ini^; 
"^:tf3   h^iidrf   rtsXq  ^atll: 'ai/f:f  ^xi^  sftnuc  -Tjsiuojns 

a  sidff*  tin  "Iw  s^  oliow  erfl 

«j^»v  fioi^laoqoTq  al/f^  .vlfBjtnins   afJUiioq  000,02   ctb-xnifiaqS   erfd" 

.-^©rfi   hssoqcrrq   eew  :fl        . 'i:nsqttO j  :iqqtllrf^ 

^Bff  ^r<f:*   rUtfSur  to   ^.tsflob  000,000 <       ,      .. 

.rfjJ9   a'fsXio'b  03^  to   asisifB  Cfbo,  .  .i^*  -i»^ 

-TS^ne  W9n  srlt   nf   sMis    ^;;.^3X    &<j;t«8V'tl    vXiriflSt   ziri   ban  anx:?i  sriT 
•Jo   atrnpffjrren   v  '  'b9:?ad^n*^'n  g'BW  mr. 

orfw   ,bt'tfoen  to   soime*xO   qj,\x  "        .aaiJx^ 

•:nB  imoo  -^nft   srHit   bsaoqqb  tlp-uoivd'sq   9bBti   3Jl:fi 

o^'tl    ^^^^f9qff(iDo   t^rf^fj  .  ^ 

.^^a^qprtoj   €>fij    ocf    bJtba   'cIlBrfit    a-rs'.v   oaias>  h'a&  tms  n-uJuSi 


94 


The  sailing  route  v/as  charged  so  that  the  vessels  returned,  by 
v/ay  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  instead  of  Cape  Hern  as  had  here- 
tofore been  the  custom.   The  Dutch  tried  to  prevent  this  but 
Florida  Blanca  gained  his  point  through  diplomatic  channels 
and  considers  this  advant-j.ge  worthy  cf  mention  in  his  cele- 
brated Statement.    The  first  vessel  which  v/as  sent  out  had 
been  loaded  with  tea  and  muslin  and  the  cargo  did  not  sell  for 


many  ;;ears.    Two  vessels  returned  to  Cadiz  in  1787  and  the 

r  cent.   The 
company  continued  with  varying';  success  until  the  year  1805 


profits  of  the  trip  amounted  to  more  than  fifty  per  c 


when  it  was  reorganized,  but  was  finally  abolished  in  1G54. 

Mirabeau  attacked  the  founders  of  the  Philippine  Company  with 
■  V.  T'Tit' V  t  A  r  i  ?j" 4' r  i r  f- 

all  his  well  known  ardor  and  his  books  ofi  the  subject  of  the 

national  bank  of  San  Carlos  and  this  company  were  prohibitediin 

3 
Spain  by  a  royal  decree  of  July  9,  1785.    ^Hiatever  evils 
to  r,BS7  ' 

;this  company  may  have  represented  to  the  economist,  there  can 
be  no  doubt  that  by  its  foundation  new  fields  for  commerce  were 
opened  to  the  Spaniards  and  the  possessions  iii  the  far  East 
came  into  closer  touch  v/ith  the  metropolis. 

Commerce  was  regulated  by  various  commercial  ordi- 
nances based,  qo  the  Ordenanzas  de  Bilbao.    In  1782,  in  the 
same  decree  establishing  the  bank  of  San  Carlos,  the  endorse- 
.ment.  of  drafts  v/as  regulated  so  that  a  proper  and  efficient 


1.  P.  B.,  Statement. 
.2.   D.  y  C,  Vol.  VI,  p.  278. 
;3.   Ibid,  Vol.  VI,  p.  279. 


^G 


-919/1  J&jirf  ae  o'f  ^>0  to  ©o 

jE^rf    -f'o    ■*r{'--ip.    ?..'^tr  K,if''v/    f^:;?.">.'^,v   .tft-ffl-    ArfT  .  w*nsr<'^<*-*n   h^.^ftT-^' 

-rolllso    :c)a   px  •  ^   »--»^v    L>aj*  .li^^^*^  ^^^  ^^^,  ^--^  '^^'^ 


n 


system  of  credit  v/as  established.    A  royal  decree  of  June  22, 
1775,  Fi"t)vid'?d  for  the  election  of  deputies  of  commerce  who 
were  to  draw  up  lists  of  raerchants  in  their  tovms  and  also 

report  all  vagrants.    A  decree  of  Decem]per  24,"  1774,  required 

2 

that  all  books  should  be  kept  in  Spanish.    The  circular  of 

February  3,  1787,  coimnahtfecT  all  lookouts  and  watchmen  to  notify 
the  nearest  military  garrison  in  case  of  a  v/rcck  so  that  only 

those  engaged  in  life-saving  could  approach  the  v/recked  vesse^-y 

.-„>.,  \  .  ■■■A 

thus  preventing  the  plundering  of  wreckage.   All  these  acts  t.r 

were  later  united  into  a  code  of  commerce,  which  became  quite 

celebrated  throughout  'Europe.'^ 

15  ;  i    »rj^g  commercial  marine  experienced  a  considerable  in- 
crease and  according  to  Coxe  the  number  of  vessels  which  en- 
tered Cadiz  during  the  six  years  ending  in  177'6  was  984,  and  had 
increased  to  1,867  in  the  sane  term  of  years  ending'  in  1788. 
In  Alicanti  the  number  had  risen  from  722  to  2,187  ;~  in  Malaga 
from  641  to  1,059  and  in  Barcelona  from  401  to  749.'* 

"'■^'     In  surveying  the  changes  made  for  the  benefit  of 
commerce  during  the  reign  of  Charles  III,  it  is  necessary  to 
remember  the  heavy  burdens  which  had  been  imposed  by  his  pre- 
decessors and  that  that  which  seemed  like  emancipation  of 
trade  for  those  times  would  now  Te  considered  equal  to  a  very 
high  protective  system. 

-..r!Ui..J.  _    _    _    _    _    _    _    _    _    _    _    _    _    _    _    _    _    _    __ 

1.  D.  y  C,  Vol.  VI,  p.  541. 

2.  Ibid,  Vol.  ^I,  p.  542. 

3.  Ibid,  Vol.  VI,  p.  542. 

4.  Coxe,  2nd  Append. 


0    ^B1  ■  . 

c         -•      'iii^     cV\l     .v:       -:\IJA':)     cItSS'i     XiS     aXlJ"     ^nJLIiJD     XXCijJ     D3'T^J 
lo   til9n&ff   eiii   tol:   sbeni  8  9§nsrfu 
0*   "T^^oSooo.T    " :.  .ITT    s^jitPrf!  -)f    Bri" 

\:i6v  fi   o^  iBJLjpa  i)9iobJt8no:)  ©  f  wc 

.at; 


.  f. 


96 


in  r.us*.  a*--       CHAPTER  VIII. 

-  EDUCATIONAL  REFORMS  AJ^TD  CHARITIES. 

1 
Co■rlr.^ll    The  Bourbon  dynasty  perceived  the  necessity  of  re- 
forming the  system  of  education  prevalent  in  Spain  at  the 
beginning  of  the  eighteenth  century/knd  such  men  as  Macanaz, 
Camjillo  and  Ensenada  were  the  first  to  ^;ttack  the  system  and 
;to  institute  reforms.   The  benedictine  monk,  Peijoo,  from  the 
obscurity;  of  his  cell  attacked  the  vices  which  had  taken  iroot 
in  all  institutions  of  learning  and  though  prosecuted  by  the 
clergy,  through  the  Inquisition,  he  paved  the  v/ay  for  the 
'sweeping  reforms  made  by  Charles  III.     vfno  n 
f  »-#w)f<»,-?    Instruction  was  divided  ihto, primary,  secondary  and 
superior  branches.    The  Church  controlled  all  education  until 
'the  formation  of  the  brotherhood  or  Hermanidad  of  San  Casiano 
which  examined  all  candidates  for  teaching  in  primary  schools 
and  in  that  way  the  clergy  was  deprived  of  some  influence  in 
'this  branch.    In  1743  Philip  V  conceded  the  same  privileges 
to  those  teachers  as  were  enjoyed  by  the  masters  of  the  liberal 
arts  and  confirmed  the  i)rivilege  of  the  Hermanidad  to  examine 
candidates  and  to  appoint  inspectors  to  visit  the  different 
-schools.    *.   ^   

-  -   -  CK  ,  -i/c.  v..  '^  ,--------------- 

1.  D.  y  C,  Vol.  VI,  p.  289. 

2.  D.  y  C,  Vol.  VI,  p.  290.   All  the  decrees  and  edicts  are 

taken  from  the  same  work. 


^Q 


91B  a#dlbe  biiH  aeeto&i>  &rft  IIA      .0'. 


97 


..In  the  franchise  given  to  the  tov/ns  of  the  Sierra 
Morena  in  Chapter  seventy-four  it  is  stated  "that  all  the 
children  must  attend  grammar  school  and  that  one  of  these 
should  be  established  in  each  district  for  the  different  towns 
in  it."   The  school  v/as  to  be  situated  near  a  church  and  the 
Council  of  Castile  declared  in  a  decree  of  June  11,  1771  that 
"the  education  of  the  youth  by  grammar  school  teachers  is  one 
and  ever  the  principiM  branch  of  the  administration  of  the  govi» 
ernment  of  the  state."    All  candidates  for  teaching  were 
examined  by  the  San  Casiano  brotherhood.    The  teachers  of 
girls  had  to  be  examined  on  questions  of  doctrine  by  an  eccle- 
siastic board.   The  text-books  used  in  the  primary  schools 
were  decreet!  by  the  Council  and  on  December  22,  1780  the  same 
body  abolished  the  brotherhood  of  San  Casiano  and  in  its  place 
created  an  academic  college  with  the  object  "to  promote  the 
perfect  education  of  the  youth  and  -a.  i.  instruction  dn  the  rudi- 
ments of  the  Catholic  faith  throughout  the  kingdom  ;  also 
the  rules  for  v/orking,  the  exercise  of  virtue  and  the  noble 
art  of  reading,  writing  and  figuring  ;  to  cultivate  men  from  "•- - 
their  infancy  to  the  first  steps  in  their  intelligence  until  -  - 
they  have  grown  capable  of  progress  in  virtue,  sciences  and 
the  arts  ;  the  preservation  and  increase  of  religion  and  the 
more  interesting  branch  of  the  ciuil  ana  economic  government 

1.   D.  y  C,  Vol.  VI,  p.  292.      -   - 


TU 


aet-TiJ   lg    sno   :r£ini'    -Jiii;   looiiaa  'taffid^iS   :>ri9:fri3   Jaxita  n9i:jX^nj 

•iaii^r   iVvi    ^  ■"    70  38'ia^i>  t  ^^Blj^bo  ijll:!:a.B'J  to  iijnjJoO 

eno   ei   at^rij^©^   ioorfoe  .'/   ©iiif  to  rtotSBouhti  Bd^^ 

oniBs   dii;f  OSVi    ,,s:si  n©  no  Jiue  li;>mxoO  srit     ic<J  b96To©l>  eisw 

T'L'  ©ctsvx^Ij/j   oi    ;   ;«^/TJtiff3i1:   baa  ;jai:^i:"rw   tgniJbast  lo  t'ts 

:^flW!iat»v,08  alff?Ofii6^a#   ntiB  it...  tes-xe^tifi   ©ion 


.  I 


98 


(l)f  the  state."   The  Collegio  Academioo,  a  sort  of  normal 
school,  was  established  by  a  decree  of  the  Council  and  no 
teacher  could  obtain  a  position  unless  he  had  graduated  from 
this  institution  or  from  one  of  its  tv/enty-four  branches. 
No  school  was  to  be  under  the  same  roof  with  a  tavern,  not 
even  if  there  was  a  separate  entrance.    Teachers  had  also 
to  study  grammar  and  orthography  in  the  Royal  Academy  of  the 
Language  and  the  read  and  learn  the  Christian  doctrines.   No 
person  was  allowed  to  teach  who  could  not  prove  the  purity  of 

o  ?,  J 

his  blood  and  and  show  that  he  had  good  habits  and  had  led  a 
decent  life.   By  the  royal  deq^ree   of  May  11,  1785  v/ere  estab- 
lished in  !!adrid  three  schools  for  girls.    It  also  recommended 
the  establishment  of  such  schoo3.s  in  the  larger  cities  of  the 
kingdom.   From  these  various  decrees  it  can  be  seen  that 
Charles  III  laid  great  stress  on  primary  education  and  as 
*late  as  May  15,  1788  he  issued  a  decree  charging  his  Corregi- 
dors  to  see  that  the  teachers  in  primary  schools  should  dis- 
charge their  duties  as  provided  for  by  the  decrees. 

r.  -, 

Secondary  instruction-^  was  directed  more  toward  edu- 
cating and  strengthening  the  body  and  the  mind  than  toward  in- 
struction and  the  course  of  studies  was  confused  with  primary 
education'  and  higher  education,  being  supposed  to  represent  a 
sort  of  intermediary  course  in  preparation  for  a  career'.    It 
generally  comprised  Latin  and  philosophy  and  often  embraced 


Pi  ■ 


i.   D.  y  C,  Vol.  V.I,  p.  294. 


30 


.ton    ,T^f»vB!^   t'  f^^^iw  loon  .    ^•.'  loorfdr^ 

J   b#i/eex  *ll  sevi    , 

-oih   bli.x.r{«    aloodop.    \:iBml\ 


.  >h  ; 


99 


subjects  taught  by  the  faculty  of  Arts.   There  were  as  many 
Latin  as  grammar  schools  and  Philip  iv  and  later  Ferdinand  VI 
confined  the  former  to  tov/ns  having  corregidors,  intendants  or 
alcaldes  majores.    In  the  decree  of  January  19,  1770  Charles 
III  organized  secondary  education  in  Spain.   He  gave  the  Jes- 
uit college  in  Madrid,  known  as  Collegio  Imperial,  to  the  in- 
stitution known  as  Reales  estudios  de  San  Isidore,  founded  by 
Philip  IV  in  1625  and  he  reestablished  the  chairs  of  Latin, 
poetry,  rhetoric,  Greek,  Oriental  languages,  mathematics,  phil- 
osophy, natural  lav/  and  ecclesiastic  discipline.   This  school 
had  a  director  who  assigned  the  duties  to  the  various  masters, 
but  he  could  make  no  change  in  the  courses  of  instruction  with- 
out consulting  the  faculty.   To  attain  the  highest  possible 
perfection  there  were  to  take  place  competitive  examinations 
within  six  months,  at  which  the  competitors  v/ere  to  offer  three 
public  exercises  before  four  examiners  and  two  ministers  of 
the  Council,  v/ho  would  grade  the  contestants  according  to 
merit  and  submit  their  decisions  to  the  Council  who  would  then 
recommend  to  the  king  the  appointments  for  certain  chairs. 
The  Council  controlled  the  faculty  of  San  Isidoro  and  passed 
upon    all  appointments  and  courses  of  instruction. 

Charles  III  also  tried  to  interest  the  clergy  in  this 
revival  of  education  and  in  a  decree  of  August  14,  1768  he 
commanded  the  Council  of  Trent  to  build  seminaries  in  all  of 
the  large  towns  and  cities.   The  convents  vacated  by  the  ex- 
pulsion of  their  orders  were  generally  turned  into  schools  and 


-rii   9d^   o.t    ,Ii.-li^-  -fill   ot.-3©XIo--  -^on:>[    tbiihsM  rtl   ©isell 

-rluiv   rolf  j'Jt^anl   tc    a->2*i7cj    3;f  v-'j    err    erlsr^   hluco   9i^ 

ijXdiaaoti  aa&ii^xil  &^^j    ru  •      Xw;>CX  9- 

riQ'^*    fX  :'T.7    Grrvr    fKjf^i/.D    ^,;^:^    o.-^    p,f-;otR  fji^f.   •rlf)/'.-^    t{m^u?.    f.rff. 

..-;•.   ^^ij  4Xa>o"'    .  ;^»a£Ui:t!^-  ■■ 

to  ila   ni    sf^lT'ifiiirnea    Miucf  o^    :'  To  ItotissoO  ^ifit^xoo 

-X9   Oft  J  ;,i'j   ifOC&jLv  iitneviiQ^  &nt  •  ae '  "^ 


1.00 


seminaries  and  certain  taxes  were  set  aside  to  pay  the  salaries 
of  the  professors.    If  the  seminaries  v/ere  to  be  for  the  secu- 
lar clergy  they  were  to  be  controlled  by  the  archbishops  and 
bishops,  under  royal  patronage  ;  but  under  no  circumstances  ..> 
were  they  to  be  under  control  of  the  order-s.   All  directors  ^ 
were  to  be  appointed  by  the  king  upon  recommendation  of  the 
Camara  and  the  prelates.   The  chairs  were  to  be  assigned  by 
competition  under  the  supervision  of  the  diocesans.    Grafjimar, 
rhetoric,  geometry  and  arts,  beinfj  necessary  and  indispensible 
to  all  classes  of  youth,  were  taught  in  these  schools.   The 
bishoprics  v/ere  under  the  controi  of  the  imperial  government, 
but  the  Council;  decided  all  questions  of  policy,  es-^eci 
th*^  r,v7     By  the  expulsion  of  the  Jesutts,  Spain  lost  her  most 
efficient  body  of  educators  and  in  order  to  replace  theiii  the 
-seminary  of  Cindad  Rodrigp,  was  founded  in  1769,  but  was  in-  e 
corporated  with  the  University  of  Salamanca  in  1777.    In  1771 
D.  J^ay  Alonso  Cann  founded  the  seminary  of  Segorbe  which  v/as 
^later  incorporated  into  the  University  of  Valencia.   The 
bishop  D.  Juan  de  Luelmo  founded  in  Logrono  in  1776  :he  seminary 
of  Calahorra,  taking  the  college  abandoned  by  the  Jesuits. 
Many  more  such  seminaries  v/ere  founded,  encouraged  by  the  sup- 
port given  by  the  crown  and  the  clergy. 

Around  the  various  universities  had  grown  up  a  lai'ge 
inumber  of  large  and  small  colleges  which  were  of  greatest  im- 
portance in  the  Spanish  educational  system.   Of  these  col- 
leges those  known  as  collegios  majores  were  the  most  famous 


t  .  ;rt£5«9ooi6^rf^  1:o  fioleiir<6qi/8    &/S  7  fioi  moo 

« insitfmevo?,  Ifiii&qwi    exit  to ' ^^tuo^  ©lii   ir^bflir   6*t©^  -aal1fqo^^ 

.>fjlioq  to  ftfioI*e9«p   lie  ba^bli>«*b   fljnyoT^   **^*    ^^tM 
^soia  leri  ;taoX  nisqR    ,arlija&T>  edi  to  nolniiAlxs  9n:-    xE 

-    ,     .        "^ffff    {^^"tl    ni    bebiiiioT:    8B-W  p;|i«i|>€>^  M^iit'^  ''■'^  ^'"^«"t'".^B 
IVVX   nl         .  VVVI   itt   fijn/?fn£-'  iv^    beci:;':jOHiOi> 

9f(T        .  B  r  on&XBV  'lit  'iiHa't»^%0§^  &'-'-'     •  * rtl    h^^^^. v>-^,  * ^^..^ 
renldse   erf^'    bVVi   nl    ono*t^oJ[  ni    tsi^r  n.il&uJ   qB  nflxit   r0  tjofi«iu 

egiitl  nwotTi  hBf:   eei^lsisviffir  au^ltiiir   9^ 

-ftfi    rfse^Bdig  i.6  B'^pif  /(^tf^w  ass?;!.!.  ..  -4,-vfdrrf 

~Iou   sasflt'tO     ".mate^e  Ifinpi:tauwi)©  iU.i.mtj*ilS  $>.i             bjii^cr-iovj 

riirofftB*^   taom  ©i-fl"  0f9w  30*10            :jI:^911oj  aegeX 


ICl 


and  most  influential.   There  was  one   of  thes,e  .-coileefeS -^t  . 
Salamanca  ;  ,oae  at  Oviedo  ;  one  at  Santiago   ;  one  ,..at  ValadO'-. 
lid  ;  one  at  Guenoa  and  one  at  Aloala  all  of  which  were  founded 
during  the  fifteenth  or  early  in  the  sixteenth  century.   These 
colleges  had  absolute  autonomy  and  the  most  deep  seated  abuses 
had  in  consequence  arisen.    The  favoritism  shown  without  re- 
gard to  merit  and  the  dissensions  which  arose  caused  Charles 

» 

III  to  appoint  Sr .  Perez  Bayer  to  inspect  t'lese  colleges  to 
report  on  the  abusej[  and  suggest  reforms  therefor.  By  royal 
decrees  of  T^ebruary  15  and  22,  1771,  Charles  declared  that  tak- 
ing account  of  the   ecadence,  v/hich  had  been  going  on  for  more 
than  a  century  in  the  universities  and  colleges,  especially 
the  majores,  and  to  reestablish  trieir  old  standards,  their  .v,>... 
constitutions  should  be  revised,  especially  wi'nh  regard  to  thcbse 
causes  on  the  subject  of  prohibition  of  gambling  and  residence 
in  the  colleger.   He  also  forbade  the  admission  of  anyone  to  a 
fellowship  without  special  permission  of  the  body  of  fellowx^^^-g 
nor  should  anyone  be  treated  as  a  fellow  even  if  he  had  spent 
seven  or  eight  years  in  college.   The  crown  was  to  administer 
the  income  of  all  the  colleges  and  Charles  III  appointed  regu- 
lar inspectors  to  watch  the  colleges.    In  the  decrees   of 
February  12  and  April  12,  1777,  the  reqA,iirements  for  honors  were 
indicated.   Of  these  purity  of  blood  was  the  most  important,  o 
but  the  awarding  of  fellowships  was  to  be  impartial  and  fair 
to  rich  and  poor  alike.   A  colle'giate  term  was  not  to  be 
longer  than  eight  years  under  any  circumstances  and  the  students 

W6?**:' 


L'li 


-oialBV'  cfB  ©no    ;      0?^i5l:?nBR                    ,            1  vO  4j  or'pmBlBP 

ot   r:             otJ  0E              .           i   d^l"                             .  '.S  ^nioqnff?    o-    III 

-Av^l    ^Sit^i    bdlBiti)^  n    »«XtHffO    tlVVI     ^^V'.rfeillB    C'  .  i^'i^i»c• 
9':^ori!  *!EdT  no                            barf  liiltdw    t^3^^Jnt9hx^J3  •   arf^  to   cfmiojj©  s^^^ 

ti&Hv*    ;                -^a   BXo  ti^f^  YfBlldB.cfas^nf   oct  .ae'to(,Biu  erf:? 

fi  o.t   afio^fi^  to  fjoisfclrr^'  lot  oalB  dH 

tH'/zoildt  tt  sMt  t0  nOj  e<T   letc  od-*i1ir  ql'^svdlXst 

'D*8XnimX»B  ot   i^^jw     fwotj  silT        .©gsXioi)  i»  tO  navea 

-  ;  rf)'     he^ntoqqQ   III    s^Xf^/IO   Mfi  A^seXiou   afft   11b  Yb   ^0;>fft    f^-i':* 

to     a^sTofiil^  :'0f(# -.til      •'ra»3.fiXIosf'  sf^* -'r^j^Bt;    ^^  .r.-i.7Uirr,.ic.    .    ■.  t 

'T9W   eionorf  TCt   3:ffi<>mQfi*xpil*T   QrfV   ,  iS  2X    \:ij^tr*td9'^' 

6cr  ot   :fon  3BW-HW9#   o^si^^iXou  ^^  >^q   bxijn  riyii  Oo 

:5n9bL                   •     bf!B    8  9;)ni  HOX 


ic; 


of  the  oollegios  majores  were  to  he  under  the  same  ruX^s  as,, 
those  governing  ■   the  rest  of  the  university.   The  defenders 
of  the  collegiales  majores  tried  to  influence  the  king  through 
his  confessor,  Pr .  Joaquin  Eleta,  but  his  influence  -did  not 
shake  the  former's  resolution  and  as  the  fellowships  of  many 
of  the  colleges  expired  they  were  filled  with  students  nomi- 
nated by  the  king.    By  a  provision  of  the  Council  of  May  23, 
1767   it  was  forbidden  to  teach  the  doctrines  of  regicide 
and  tyrannicide  against  legitimate  rulers.   Various  decrees 
were  issued  froii!  1768  to  1771  which  prohibited  the  methods  of 
the  so-called  Jesuit  school  and  the  use  of  its  books  for  pur- 
poses of  instruction.    A  royal  decree  of  March  14,  1769  pro- 
vided that  the  director  of  feach  university  should  be  a  nember 
of  the  Council  of  Castile. and  that  he  should  follov/  the  "In- 
struccion"  in  all  natters.    The  decree  of  September  6,  1776 
forbade  the  discussion  of  the  privileges  of  the  Crown  and  -a^,, 
censor  was  appointed  to  enforce  this  rule.    In  1784  the  censors 
v/ere  told  to  watch  that  no  utterances  against  either  religion 
or  the  king  should  be  made  . 

V         The  University  of  Salamanca  had  always  enjoyed  spe- 
rcial  privileges  ;  but  the  decrees  of  1770  and  1771  defined  its 
jurisdiction  and  provided  that  the  rectors  and  councillors  of 
i:the   university  should  be  elected  biennially.   By  the  degree 
rot   September  20,  1771  the  obligation  to  take  the  oath  of  "Obien- 
di  Sectori  in  li«Litis  et  honestis"  was  imposed  on  all  matricu- 
lated students.    All  students  in  colleges  and  seminaries 
were  subject  to  all  the  laws,  rules  and  re^iiulations  of  the 


."'♦f^^-*'•^fT'r   s-r?: 


'i.,^'yj'iii::    ;^ni 


:W  1  :.Li^      V 


'^■^\,^'^    c;yj.i5i^'t»  ! 


pact. 


f  ?? T  t''^;^?:^    a  t? 3    .1 1  u y    »n  j 


•3«i- 


.  a  '■  t.  i  ; ■  1    V  :  :■  1 3  X :  i  ^^  -.■  x    :  fl  a  i iz  Qji    y  r>  i  c.)  j.  hub  'i  ■; ."    ;jn e 


1Q  8 !>Offi* ©m  ^r^.^   b©;ftdi r(a^q  ri J i-4v  XVVl   o:"  88V  t  ftejtrasi 

^^^oor'  'Yat/  erf-^  .f^ns   foo5o3  ^ir/3sT,   f^elfso-'n 

noisil^ji  19X1^X9    teniii^B   EeuiiB*iaJ"jJJ   on  zup::   nor^v/  oz    cio:' 
sji    n^nii^eft' Xt*'tl    lhil-   OYM  lo   osaia-bb   arir    ::jjo    ;    e 


i"!^    ifiXJ 


1C3 


Council  of  Castile  and  had  to  be  regularly  matriculated  ..^  ^./Ic- 
cording  to  a  decree  of  November  8,  1770,  the  clergy  could  re- 
ceive their  bachelor's  degree  by  talcing  courses  in  their  con- 
vents ;  but,  having  abiised  this  concession,  it  was  ordered  on 
March  11,  1771,  that  the  courses  taken  in  seminaries,  colleges 
or  convents  under  the  control  of  the  clergy  would  not  count 
toward  any  degree.    The  hours  of  study  were  regulated  in  a 
depyree  of  August  3,  1771  as  were  also  the  courses  of  study  at 
the  University  of  Saiamanca  in  1786.   The  simultaneity  ofi-ji,. 
cours^QS  was  prohibited  by  a  decree  in  1772  and  by  another  de- 
cree of  the  same  year  no  credit  was  to  be  given  unless  the 
student  had  renewed  his  matriculation  each  year.   According  to 
a  decree  of  March  5,  1773,  bachelors  of  arts  trying  for  a  high- 
er degree  had  to  assist  the  various  chairs  in  t4aching  and 
the  duration  of  the  collegiate  year  was  fixed  by  royal  decree 
on  November  18,  1785.    It  was  to  last  f r jm  October  18, to  the 
day  of  San  Juan  in  June.    The  courses  of  science,  mathematics, 
philosophy,  physics  e.nd.   other  subjects  as  given  in  the  semina*^ 
ry  of  the  nobles  at  Madrid,  Vergara,  Valencia  and  San  Isidore, „ 
were  to  be  accepted  by  all  the  universities,  according  to  a 
decree  issued  in  1785.   By  means  of  these  numerous  decrees, 
Charles  III  tried  to  build  up  a  sjirstem  of  national  education 
and  he  succeeded  in  at  least  rooting  out  many  of  the  worst 
evils . 

The  object  of  articles  eight  and  nine  in  book  eight 
of  the  Movissima  Recopilacion  was  the  establishment  of  grades 


?:3i 


■nuO^    Jon     bliiC  ;>i  i*     i>i'y    Im    iO*£'«^ii     «•'  'lii    Zi^UaViiO. 

to    /.Udii&cfiurTtls'fefft        .d6Vr    ni   «;j  :^Jta«i*viftU   erf: 

>0  melt    ?R»I    0!*    ^BW    -^T         ,^.8^1    iBi    *fc>r{m©voF   rro 
otohlpl   nsR   bfiB  BljneiBV   ,B•IB^^•seV•  fbi  ts  ael^of!'  ■erf?*-  t 

. aXiva 
to   3foorf   nt    ^n^rp  br 


1C4' 


in  t?ie  universities.    The  study  of  surgery  received  special 
attention  on  "^he  part  of  Charles  HI  and  in  178?  he  established 

a  royal  college  of  surgery  at  Madrid,  under  the  immediate 

5  only    reqv;!  \if^.ter*fi  da^x^''' - 

protection  of  the  Council  and  independedt  of  the  Tribunate 

Protomedicato  and  of  the  Junta  of  hospitals.    In  a  royal  de- 
cree of  P'ebruary  24,  1787,  the  qualifications  for  graduation 
were  fixed.   There  was  a  constant  desire  to  draw  up  a  plan 
for  the  general  control  of  the  universities  and  D.   Pablo  de 
Olavide  submitted  plans  of  reform  to  the  University  of  Seville. 
No  general  plan  was  adopted,  though  in  1770  it  was  proposed 
that  each  university  should  outline  a  course  of  instruction. 
Though  these  attempts  to  establish  a  system  seem   to  have  failed, 
a  Spanish  author  rightly  says  that  :  "The  impulse  was  undoubted- 
ly given  and  the  same  universities  of  Salamanca,  Alcala,  O-ra- 
nada,  and  Valencia,  made  notable  improveaents  in  their  courses 
of  study  and  ended  by  placing  themselves  at  the  head  of  that 

intellectual  movement  and  progress,  which  constituted  the  most 

1        Bin  fe 
glorious  achievement  of  the  reign  of  Charles." 

Prior  to  the  reforms  instituted  by  Charles,  the  edu- 
cational system  of  Spain  was  unquestionably  as  bad  as  a  couple 
of  centuries  of ■  abuse  could  make  it. 

Don  Leucada  Doblado  gives  an  excellent  account  of 

2 

conditions  then  existing  in  Spain.    The  methods  employed  v;ere 

said  to  have  been  worthy  of  the  thirteenth  century.   The  study 


D.  y  C,  Viai.  IV,  p.'  308. 
2.   Doblado,  p.  102. 


*0I 


e;^Btb9^lmi   eff.  E.y   t^^i^t)  ub  TO  039 J.' 

-Qf;  i^^'iu"^:  B  al        .s,ii;-v  xq2or:  10   Bjnxfti   sr.r    'to    'ons   oi-Bjxrjair.Ou  o".'! 

o93'froo    -rx'^-  «■:*   ni    a.-^'ftBfibvontqr'rJ:    9l(fe:f0ff  sbBn   ^fiionelaV  bnB    ,Bben 

. -^x  jIfiOo    9SUiB  ->i^iJi 

910./   beYOi-iiro   ajoii^ota   &f^'r       ".cu^qc:   ru    ;<.'a:-ai.x9  cfsnr   snoxd'Xbnoy 


.  ^u^    . 


1C5 


of  Aristotelian  philosophy  was  forbidden  and.  instead  of  that  the 
inductive  method  of  Bacon  was  taught.   Three  years  of  attend- 
ance  in  schools  of  logic,  natural  philos^ophy  and  metaphysics 
was  the  only  requisite  for  a  master's  degree.   Each  university 
had  three  or  four  profe^ssors  of  divinity  and  as  many  for  the 
courses  in  civil  and  canon  iaw  and  i^iedicine.   The  six  great 
colleges,  or  collBg^os  majores  formed  the  literary  aristocra- ^ 
cy  ;  for  none  but  those  of  untainted  nob4.e  blood  v/ere  elected 
to  their  fellowships.    In  order  to  insure  against  mistakes, 
one  of  the  fellows  went  to  the  birthplaces  of  the  parents  and 
grandparents  of  the  elected  member  and  examined,  on  oath,  from 
fifteen  to  thirty  witnesses  who  had  to  sv/ear  that  the  ancestry 
of  the  candidate  had  never  been  a  menial  servant,  shop-keeper, 
a  petty  tradesman,  a  mechanic,  and  that  neither  he  himself  nor 
anj'-  relative  had  ever  been  punished  by  the  Inquisition  nor  had 
descended  from  Jews,  Moors,  Africans,  Indians  or  Guauchos,  the 
inhabitants  of  the  Canaries.    In  this  way  the  colleges  v/ere 
backed  by. the  influence  of  all  the  great  families  of  Spain  and 
all  the  places  of  honor  both  at  the  bar  and  in  the  Church; were 
held  by  the  collegians.   Regular  men  of  ability  were  kept  in 
reserve  for  public  literary  competition  and  in  that  way  the 
evil  was  somewhat  disguised.   The  Marquis  of  Roda  had  been 
rejected  because  of  a  flaw  in  his  title  to  purity  of  blood  and 
therefore  nursed  a  deep  enmity  against  the  collegios  and  also 
against  the  Jesuits.   He  succeeded  in  breaking  up  the  exclu- 
siveness  of  the  former,  when  he  became  a  minister,  by  appointing 


+ 1-.  .-T  ■*     n-  - 


( 


xj97j9i9   919W  booXd  s^dofl   netnxsJfw  to  se  /d   »non  lo      ;       j 

ao  .    ,benioi8X8   &ns  "fsdmein  i)#:rael9   ©riJ  to  a^neieqbn 

•r    '.■  ;  ■'     ;        ■-;'  '■      ■;  ■,-  ** 

■■•'■<  '    ,  '  '   . .       ,    ' 

bi3rf  Ton  noil'  t^.il■(■nl   ©'■'•*   ':rf  bei^^lnirq   nsorf  tevs   '         .'■. 

31 9w  8936^1X0 J  sri:*   ^ew  airfv   nl        .        TB/iau  en  3;?nfi:fi(tBiini 

Q'zu^:^^  nx    Dxiii   lac    i^r  iviivn   xo   i     ' 

nl   itqei   eiew  '::?lIlo'fi  lo  n&rt  telirsaH       « p,nBJts®-t-to^  ®rf^   Y^    bl9ri 
eri^t   \ifiw  cfBff;*  ni   t  te7*).tll    Jl.^-^•  tea 91 

n99d  jberf  sboH  lo   stfij....  '        .'  '     .  - 

bnfi   boolcf  lo  vcflTuq  of   9icfiJ   sxrf  ni   welt  b  1q   8ei;aj9d  b9ctj9t,9T 

'i:tnloqq»  x<^    ,'^.9^axftim  e   9fB^s(f  sri  nerfir  ^i'^ 


1C6 


all  the  fellov/s  to  hir.h   places  in  the  Church  and  then  filling: 

^ef  b*ij*?LUK  ^'r'K^   of 
their  vacancies  in  the  colleges  with  young  men  of  no  family. 

The  older  fellows  disowned  their  successors,  but  the  barriers 

'•■i,-u-r--  •■  in  tir;-  ■  ^■-;.u"  .     ■j^i'^r-i:    the 

of  exclusi^'eness  remained  down.      The  same  authOF  thought 

that  the  influence  of  fhe  Inquisition  was  extremely  bad  and 

compared  the  conditions  to  those  under  which  Galileo  recanted 

his  own  discoveries.   Major  Dalrymple,  in  his  Travels  through 

-y,  hoth  f':<  '^    i  r 'f iV<*!7Cf?  of 

Spain,*  comments  on  the  dilapidated  condition^of  the  universi- 

2 

ties  and  lays  it  to  the  "king's  despotic  influence."    Bur- 
going  also  speaks  of  the  backwardness  of  learning  and  attrib- 
utes  it  to  the  lack  o:^  rewards  or  encouragement  for  learning, 

the  religious  restraint  and  the  wrong  principles  governing  the 

3 

system  of  education.    The  expulsion  of  the  Jesuits  had  left 

a  vacancy  which  was  hard  to  fill  for  the  endowments  derived 
from  Jesuit  property  did  not  amount  to  enough  to  supply  the 
chairs  vacated  by  the  members  of  the  order  with  well  paid  pro- 
fessors. 

Charles  III  was  the  friend  and  protector  of  arts  and 

r'ii^..iciK- 
sciences  and  passed  various  beneficial  decrees  in  order  to  in- 

crease  t":eir  influence.   Florida  Blanca  granted  heredetary 

nobility  to  all  :nen  of  letters  and  university  professors  and 

4 
exempted  from  military  service  all  printers  and  book  makers. 


1.  Dob 1 ado, 

2  .  Dal . ,  p  .  7?) . 

3.  Bourg.,  Vol.  I,  Chapter  XI. 

4.  D.  y  C,  Vol.  VI,  p.  394. 


bOi 


TIfi 


-.'vyooiu   awolibl    i.i^bl^    w;(T 


lit  n»ff:t    hHB  riatttfCO   : 

.     r  ^rf?jt    an  ^tj    t"t-i. 


irt  r  fT»Tri  t.  f 


arii   \*Iqq;;8    o;f   ffsuon©   ocf    ^HtJOfOB   ion  b^u   ^in&quiq   J^iuseL  lautl 
-  jiq  bin  Ji  ciii-v  T©bto  ii  sn'^   \id  be^fe^jev 


fina   sc-ie  lo   *o;?uev^oiq  bnis   brieiil   sn'cf   8bv/   III   asI-iB.iy 

-ni  :9bio  ni   &eetoQb  l&ijiJQaBd  auoii&v  begasq   fme  esorr^ioe 

bn3   8^0889'lo^q  \vti8i9vini;  biifi  a-xeiJbi   to  a&ci  IIb  u;^   x^llidoa 


w8i95fsm  /[ooff  bai«   aled'niiq   IIb   ejivrsr 


atqmsxs 


,obfciIdo<l      .1 


loV 


t 


.S 


vt. 


1C7 


Various  academies  of  science  and  letters  v/ere  founded  during 
Charles*  reign.   Of  these  the  Academy  des  beaux  arts  of  San 
Perdinando  was  under  Charles*   special  protection  and  he  offered 
prizes  to  stimulate  the  interest  in  that  branch.   Besides  the 
last  named  academy  there  was  an  Academy  of  Medicine  ;  econom- 
ic societies  throughout  the  kingdom  and  a  society  for  juris- 
prudence.   In  Madrid  there  were  academ^ies  of  languages  and 
history,  both  founded  through  the  influence  of  Campteianes. 

Charles  IT  I  recognized  the  importance  of  books  in 
spreading  enlightenment  throughout  the  kingdom  and  he  opened^ 
the  libraries, belonging  to  the  Jesuits  before  their  expulsion, 
to  the  public.    That  ^of  San  Isidore  contained  54,CC0  volumes 
in  1785.   The  time  had  passed,  when  the  restriction  placed 
on  the  publication  of  beoks  made  it  more  difficult  to  have  them 
printed  than  to  write  tliem,  for  now  the  authors  had  only  to 
obtain  permission  from  the  Council,  the  presidents  of  the  au- 
diences or  the  corregidors  of  the  kingdpm..   By  the  royal 
decree  of  April  20,  1773,  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Inquisition 
was  limited  to  books  dealing  solely  v/ith  religious  or  sacred 
questions.  ^The^royal  c!:ecree  of  December  19,  1761,  charged 
the  appraisers  of  books  to  notify  the  librarians  of  all  books 
that  v/ere  placed  on  sale  so  that  all  the  works  that  were  pub7^ 
lished  might  find  their  way  into  the  libraries.   Laics  were 
allowed  to  establish  printing  presses,  according  to  the  decree 

1.   D.  y  C,  Vol.  VI _,  p.  394. 


)  Tehrti-    aetw   ofxtont  bt^^'''" 


8^1 


.9i?0X 


•   000, J^f"^    bf                           3hUl  :o|  .+  «rfT         .t>lJ'^t;<T  ^^f^ 

c  .         '    ~  i 

sn&dt                                     i.D  ©Torn  Ji   ©cam  a?lo0d  1(. 

ft^  at0'^'"*tr6   "^-^'"^  von  •to'!  ,rf?edfl  fti^lTw   O"*^   nerfw    be^rritq 

nc'i?  hitfrifTl    «)rC4  to   "^oi:*  J  the!  lift   ^-^*    t^TVI    ,0S   lifqA  to   weiosb 


Bts)9h  Qdi    0^  gnlbtOijoB    ,8sa8ei^  ^iMiSfAtq  rigriJ 


f^iifoXie 


1C8 


of  May  16,  1776  ;  but  corporations  and  privileged  persons  were 
Vbrbidden '>fb  %6'''ft.   Medical  works  T^feVe'  not  allowed  ttf^r'^ 
I-'rinted  without  the  approval  of  the  president  of  the  Proto-  * 
medicato  ;  and  the  maps  of  the  frontiers  were  subject  to  the 
revXis'i'br  of  trhe  royal  acWelnr  d:f' Tif story .'   On  NoveinbBr  14, 
1762,  all  taxes  on  books  were  abolished,  excepting  that  on 
books  of  general  use  for  instruction,  which  were  subject  to 
'^Ue   tax  'of  the 't-ouric^Y.  "  "^hei  'Vbyal  'S^ci^s  "cff  1764  and  1768 
made  the  copyright  of  the  aulrhor  heredetary  if  not  held  in 
mortmain.   The  decree  of  June  8,  1769,  forbade  the  printing 
or "introductiori  of  any  "Bulls,  'brife^i^s",  or'  oth^r'  ddcum'ehts"  frdin 
the  court  of  Rome.   Prelates  and  other  members  of  the  clergy 
could  grant  permission  onlj''  to  print  books  of  religion  or 
sanctity.   Books  could  be  introduced  fi*om'  dhV  provfriue  ah  to 
another,  but  not  from  foreign  countries  into  Spain  without  the 
license  of  the  Council.   The  printing  of  Church  literature 
was  regulated  by  royal  i^ecrees  of  Hay  1  and  June  28,  1775,  and 
on  November  29  of  the  same  yrar  a  decree  was  issued  declaring 
that  the  official  censor  would  hear  the  author  of  any  boote  and 
pass  upon  it  after  having  done  so.   Accor(fing  tb  the  decree 
of  January  1,  1785, noi  book  could  be  sold  before  cne  copy  had  been 
placed  in  the  royal  library  and  one  in  the  Reales  "Estudios  de 
TTadrid.    In  1787  the  royal  company  of  printers  and  book- 
binders was  given  the  right   to  print  all  books  on  ecclesiastical 
matters  and  to  reprint,  without  an  ecclesiastical  privilege, 
however,  all   those  books  which  would  be  beneficial  to  the 


c 

•t^w  jfalrTw   ,noiifji/*f  ot  «««  len^n  ajiood 

•to  noi^lIST  io  aaCooirf  In  ota^i  bluoy 

.    ^}3r.lV'.  .-'0  roil:  ■  h«jo''^otvttl'  !^^"ftJ 

fiiif^fj'ifiMJt  ri;>"tijrr!)  \o  ;^dl*rtl'?  .  I    .  Tsjob  ©ri*   to   e«n»jii 

■gsfije^   or?.*    tf:*  -O.-jbA         .  o:  ^te    :i  • 

,6s©Itvtiq  IajJ:;taBia©Ioo9  na  cfworf.*        t 

Ciff:f   o.*   lBloiJ.enB(i   fid  Muow  r.  ,  o/l 


1C9 


comiTieroe  of  the  nation  and  to  that  of  the  oomrany.   The  tri- 
bunal of  the  Inquisition  was  charged  with  the  duty  of  drawing 
up  prohibitive  and  expurgal^ory  indices  of  books,  but  the  royal 
decree  and  d-^-cree  of  the  Council  issued  ^n  the  7th  and  21st 
of  June,  1767,  respectively,  forbade  the  publication  of  ail 
books  injurious  to  the  morals  and  customs  of  the  people  and  . 
those  which  were  seditious  or  injurious  to  the  powers  of  the 
king  or  any  other  ruling  princes.    Two  decrees  of  the  Council 
issued  on  June  14  and  16,  176G,  declared  that  the  Holy  Office 
should  first  hear  the  Catholic  authors  of  a  book  before  con-" 
demning  it.    The  passages  v/hin^  were  offensive  to  religion  or 
perverted  the  Christian  morals  were  to  be  determined  and  ex- 
purgated so  that  a  book  was  not  to  ^e  prohibited  entirely  be- 
cause of  a  few  harmful  passages  as  had  heretofore  been  thee- 
custom.    All  edicts  of  the  Holy  Office  were  subject  to  the 
approval  of  the  king.   Besides  the  encouragement  of  the  publi- 
cation of  books,  which  Charles  III  lent  to  authors  and  pub- 
lishers, he  promoted  the  publication  of  periodicals  and  this. 
class  of  literature  contributed  much  toward  the  extension  of  . 
learning  during  this  reign.    The  same  system  of  censureship 
was  decreed  as  that  exercised  over  the  publication  of  books. 

The  influence  of  the  econonic  societies .was  not  con- 
Tined  to  ameliorations  in  the  industriaii  system  of  Spain,  but 
also  served,    to  improve,  to  a  large  extent,  the  educational 
conditions.    It  was  due  to  the  efforts  of  the  members   of  the 

Vasconada  society  that  the  seminary  of  Vergara  was  established, 
id,  ' 

thus  giving  the  you4;h  of  the  nobility  an  opportunity  to  receive 


QOl 


JcXii   mia  ii4V    iifi^    nD  i>^;iiax  aiaauo  .i  oaTtgorj 

-dwq  bne  atorii^uB  ot  iahl   III   eel'i  ta.^oocf  lo  aoi;tBj 

lOvHOi 3119^X8   ©rf^r   lisv/o^  r*;^>;a  bac:«dX'J-a4>u  d'Wf^B'ia-*^  rjasl;; 

qiiiaB-cuaxisa  lo  tced'a^a  .scias   9X:  '        .m^l^-i  nlM   gnii  niaol 

.n>(oorf  lo   n  J  fito^ji  f  r^'-j.-r   ?55:t   •r'-^vn    b^alotoxG    *Bfi.t    h'-    b99'ij9b   3BW 

-npo  ;roa  .ai4v.v.J&fi^x-&lv>Q^  ^iu-^,oaujt  :'- 

:fjjd  ,(iiaqP.  Ip  a9iM\:a  JBliw8A;|)rji   9r(^,  fll  aCToi.tBTBil9CTB  tl 

,  .i>eri «  i XdB  -*  ae  aaw  B"t6a*x6ll  lo  ^iteii  iirt  •  ;  a V 

9Vi9j8T   ocf"   v:Mnt;:tToarrro   nis  ^'■tftllrfOT   erf  .       ^    -^frivl^   sJlrff 


lie 


their  education  in  Spain  instead  of  having  to  go  abroad.   The 
Basque  Society  v/as  the  model  for  all  similar  institutions  and 
Caniponanes  persuaded  other  provinces  to  follow  in  the  same 
footsteps.   At  the  meetings  of  these  societies  papers  and 
various  topics,  touching  on  the  welfare  of  the  country,  were 
discussed  and  nearly  all  the  most  learned  and  progressive  men 
of  those  times  contributed  in  this  way.   Prizes  v/ere  dis- 
tributed annually  for  essays  which  dealt  "frith  the  problems  of 

the  industrial  conditions,  and  everybody  tried  to  present  plans 

1 
which  would  tend  toward  the  betterment  of  popular  education. 

One  of  the  principal  projects  was  the  founding  of  patriotic 
schools  for  poor  children,  where  they  might  be  taught  in  all 
branches  conforming  to  their  station  in  life  and  especially 
the  managem.ent  of  machines.    The  granting  of  a  doctor *s  de-, 
gree  at  the  University  of  Alcala  de  Henares  to  Dona  Maria  Isi- 
dore Quintana  Guzman  y  la  Cerda,  daughter  of  the  Count  of 
Onate,  v/as  the  motive  for  the  creation  of  the  Soclecad  de 
Damas  for  ladies.   This  institution  had  been  approved  by  the 
king  and  was  really  a  branch  of  the  patriotic  men's  societies. 
Its  members  were  mostly  of  the  nobility  and  the  Infantas  also 

joined  in  the  good  work.    Charles  III  believed  in  the  educa- 

2 
tion  of  v/omen  and  it  was  only  through  his  intercession  that 

they  v/ere  allowed  to  participate  in  the  inteiiettual  progress 

which  manifested  Itself  in  the  kingdom  during  this  reign.   The 


1.  D,    y  C,  Vol.  VI/  p.  407. 

2.  Ibid,  Vol.  VI,  p.  411. 


^'   '.-^     ■-'■*  nit  wollot   of  a^cjnirv  ■     -ToqmsO 

^i.  LiS  ue  q  « i>   D  a^  •  fl'i  x.i  ax  u  j  i  :r  e  c  c  > n  i  rai ol  a  q  i^  a  an  jna.^  d 

-lei   QLt^-V   sfioO   0-^   p. f^'i nn fiK'  tfb  /JCsjIA  "o   ^-^i^i'^vinU   s-ft  .^n   ss-fQ 
to  -nxjoD   art  J   'x.o   idrri,3i/0£)    tii.b'ssCj  isi   \.ai^  aaawuxu^.  siod 

-  -..y  :-  )    9-^-^   nr    c-vVfrls.-^   Ill    nfil'isdO        .:;{'. o'.7  boo-?,   sr  '^onfot 


Ill 


Junta  de  JDarnas  v/hlch  began  with  fourteen  women  of  the  nobility 
soon  increased  its  numbers  rapidly,  for  membership  v/as  eagerly 
sought.   This  new  societj'-  worked  zealously  for  the  promoticn 
of  learning,  the  foundation  of  schools  and  other  matters  which 
could  be  improved  by  their  influence  or  v/ork.   Women  were  no 
longer  barred  from  the  advantages  of  higher  learning  and  they 
were  given  dfegrees  and  honors  which  had  previously  been  re- 
served for  men.   Florida  Blanca  in  his  statement  made  in  1788, 
said  that  there  were  more  than  sixty  patriotic  societies  most  of 
which  were  endeavoring  to  aid,  educate  and  awaken  a  desi*^e  - 
'  for  work  among  the  poorer  classes  ;  they  encouraged  the  arts, 
'  agriculture  and  handicrafts,  and  they  had  established  drafting 
■'schools,  v/hich  were  of  great  importance  for  the  progress  of 
"^the   arts  and  sciences.    Besides  giving  academic  degrees  to 
women,  Charles  III  allowed  them  to  try  teachers*  examina^-icns, 
and  ±t   successful  gave  them  certificates  for  teaching.   Coxe 

says  that  the  institution  of  these  societies  v/as  one  of  the 

bv 
most  profitable  and  one  of  the  happiest  conceptions  which  oc- 
curred to  the  eminent  men  of  Charles*  reign  and  a  Spanish  au- 

^  thor  in  speaking  of  the  same  subject  sayr.  that  the  intellectual 

life  of  the  Spanish  nation  during  the  reign  of  Charles  III  was 

2 
regenerated,  progressive  and  truly  glorious.  ■  oi 

As  Charles  III  v/as  a  man  of  intense  religious  and*' 

moral  conviction,  it  was  only  natural  that  the  Church  should  be 


1.  P.  B.  Statement. 

2.  D.  y  C,  Vol.  VI,   p.  412. 


ftn  f,f  ocfCfcr   ^ri:^    "fr-'t   vrp.rfolaes    h:  .         .      . 

on  Slew  n»«o'7       .3(to«r  ia  Buneulln it i#rir*^   v4  b»vc 

-©1  n89cf  ^iau©lv»^q  bsri  rfyirfw  e^toxicxi   J>aii   fiawiQS'B  nevis  o^sw 

,8eVI  fli   ©fc^iii  4ft©cti9ctB(f8   aXA  at  B&afslF^  j»b:fcT0l^        .nactr  tol:  bdvisa 

lo    :^Rnr-    Efti-.*»^j08    ^tfoti-teq    xjtxia    HJBlfJt    Afon^    p,'"r?,\s'    Tf^rrt    tSf^"*    '>tfts 

6;xa&i>  a  n©3ia«^ij  A  one   o;JsdUbs    this   oc   ^niiovssbiiG  ©i8w  ^ijliiw 

t^cfros   9ff<t    basBii/o^n^  ^«xlit    ;    adgBsIo  •jfeioocf  ©riif   srtOfrfli  5iiov/  lol 

Iw   3«i©-i;30-£q    9M;t      Ttol    ejnscfiuquii    ^*SiS*'^:^  ^O   siiw  fi^>Xiiw    ,aioorio3 

I 
3&ftTg9b  oieflebeos  anivi^  aei>is9e  .ssoneija   bna   e^is  ©ritf 

•,.j'         .^iiiri^fi©"?  -lot   89i«3ltiti8»  CTSxl  rlaasoows  3li    bm> 

0.'?  lo  ©xi'j   afjw  a»i*8ia03  sasrii  *io  crolitwti^fent  :aa 

-i>o  dairfw  anoitqsanou  ^eaiqqsff  aK:*   T/)   ©no  bna^^I<f»:f'f*ft'iif"i'   -r, ^^-^ 

-0s  rfaxneqa  a  ofia  n^iei    *fi»iiaili)  lo  asm  tftsnlmd  sil^  Ow Dqiiajj 

a 'v/   TIT   B9ii3xiO  to  naisi  drfcf   gnt^fi^^   r«  .t  •'Rr*   rfs  f  r'fi<T?'   ^ci^  J(: 

S 

btia  auoxstlei  i^ana^ai  lo  iiera  s  asw  III  Eeiifi/i!>  eA 

;d    hlrrorfs   rCut'rrJD   ertt   ^^flfl;?   XttiiJ- '^rt  ^irra '.t;6w  ^otvnoo  i.«ton 


112 


given  great  privileges  with  regard  to  the  spiritual  life  of 
hi.s  ^i^i:ect,^  .^  ,  ,^,  J^Q)4gl\  b,oth_Charles  and  his.  ministers  had  adapt- 
ed the  unswerving  policy  of  making  the  Church  subject  to  all 
the  civil  lav/a  of  the  kingdon  there  wert;  very  few  decrees  is-' 
su,e4  which  affected.. .,th^, religious  rights  aiid  custome  of  the 
Spanish  Church.   He  did,  however,  prohibit  all  those  customs^, 
which  were  contrary  to  a  true  religioiAs  sentiment,  the  mostc 
notable  case  being  the  suppression  of  the  Auto  sacramental,  a 
sort  of  passion  play,  around  which  had  grown  up  sacrellgious 
abuses.   This  occurred   in  1765  and  in  1760  a  decree  had  for- 
bidden the  practice  of  various  abuses  which  accompanied  the, 
processions  of  the  Holy  V/eek.   By  a  decree  of  1774,  Charles 
forbade  the  beating  of  tambourines  in  the  processions  of  the 
Sagrament  oiC.San  Justo  ;  in  1780  dance§  were  |)rohibi ted  in'.  p> 
religious  processions  ;  in  1787  all  noises  and  disturbances 
during  the  nights  of  San  Juan  and  San  Pedro  were  forbidden. 
V/hen  the  Cortes  was  assembled  in  1760,  Charles  III  asked  that 
body  to  defend  with  all  their  power  the  mystery?  of  the  Immecu- 
late  Conception  and  to  declare  the  Virgin  the  patron  of  the 
nation.   In  1771  Charles  established  the  royal  order  of  Charles 
III  and  exacted  from  its  memhere  the  oath  "''O  live  and  die 
for  our  sacred,  catholic,  apostolic  religion."^   The  badge  of 
this  order  had  on  its  face  an  image  of  the  Holy  Virgin  and  the 
Junta  of  the  Immaculate  Conception  was  united  with  this  order i 


1.  D.  y  C  .,  Vol.  VI,  p .  444. 

2.  Ibid,  Vol.  VI,  p.  445. 


\11 


^du^ewo  eeorf^  Xi»- .t  id  111  o^<j    t'lfivewori  ,„  bil)  el"        .  rij'Xi/rfO  rial 
«i/oXatIe*iusa   tjif  nwoiQ,  be/i  4i)Xriw  brxiJOlfi    t^iJXq  noXaajsq  ^©  ^tTO« 

a©;>aBd«oi;f«ib  haA  aeaxon  XIb  V8VX   fix    ;    anoiaaeuoiq     sifoiailet 

.ri9i?Jbidi^l   9*t9#  uxb©*!  xibS  bos  aeu^I*  afir    '+ -   -^^.  ^^   - 
.^ir< :"   b9?i»s   ill   aeXiBffO    cOBVXjsX  I^Xdmesai^  <4i*w  eodioU  ,8ficf   119x^(7 
-uoarxi:!    9fil  lo   'Ci©;?a^«  »rftf   i9woq  ilerfiXXa  xi:fiw  f>a9l9b   ot   ^i^orf 
8iJ4   \o  n^ii^ii  »ii^  al^TiXV  wi**  ©TtaXwai)  c-^    ^--£5  aoX;tg9o£io  ' 
a6X"wrfO  It©  ^9b^a  X«YO!x  •/i^   bsrieXXcffi^ae  asX^i^xiO  4VJJC  jil 

8iJb   boB  eviX   oc^^   rf^Jso   ^di  anBdcnem  a^i   cffotl   he4-i>j6*xe   hne   ITI 

S 
'^^-    f'^bBd    9/rT  '*.aoJ^exi9T    yxXoto.v  .:    jOlXorl':*^,    5 


iia^ 


on  March  21,  1779.    In  the  "Instruoolon"  given  to  the  Junta 
of  State  in  1788.,  Charles  makes  it  the  firs-t;  duty,  pf  that 
body  to  protect  the  Catholic  faith  and  the  promotion  of  good-- 

customs  and  the  second  article  requires  obedience  to  the  Holy 

1 
See  in  all  spiritual  matters  ;   for  though  the  king  w^s  not 

disposed  to  allow  the  Church  to  infringe  upon  his  prerogative, 
he  was  unquestionably  an  orthodox  Christian  both  in  private  i|' 
life  and  in  his  attitude  as  a  sovereign.       i-^.^i  *^  ♦>,.. 

Florida  Blanca  showed  himself  to  be  a  man  of  very  .-.- 
advanced  and  enlightened  ideas  in  the  dispensing  of  charities. 
He  sajrs  that  instead  of  encouraging  professional  mendicity, 
he  established  a  regular  system  of  ascertaining  which  of  the  - 
poor  were  desErving  and  which  were  simply  professional  beggars. 
Regular  standing  committees  v/ere  appointed  to  distribute  the 
money  granted  b^-  the  king  for  charitable  purposes  or  collected 
from  generous  individuals.    A  general  Junta  was  appointed  to 
supervise  this  work  and  special  donations  were  made  by  the  king 
?t©  unfortunate  individuals  such  as  officers  wives  and  orJ)lians, 
or  those  of  magistrates^  who  were  too  modest  to  make  known  their 
wantL    Schools  and  places  of  refuge  were  established  for. 
poor  and  abandoned  girls  and  there  were   also  opportunities 
given  to  boys  to  learn  a  trade  for  v/hich  they  seemed  particu- 
larly fitted.   Loan  banks  were  established  for  poor  women  so 
that  they  might  buy  material  for  their  work.   Florida  Blanca 


1.  Crobierno,  p.  107. 

2.  F.  B.  »s  Statement. 


fi  Sasj L   &di   o*  It®  V  i  g.  *•«©  J:  j  o irtS  a  it f  *   srf*  nl        .  ^'  ^  '^ '  :  r  o 

&Br{3   to   vcfwJb  tain    «^r<-t   *i    ss^ifim  seltflliD   VSST  M.-t^.f?^  to 

,evit68o:i9iq   fiXii  rroq/J   esnttlnl  o*  r(o*^ijifO   srf^   woXIb  'of  beeoqalb 
©Jffiviiq  nir  if;tort  fiAiiaitrfO  xoborl^io  na  x-i^<^iB(*oic*38wpnw  asw  9rf 

.nsisTevoa   fi  as   eb«tt.t^»' etrf  rrt      brte   <9l:ll 
Y^ev  lo  nfiifl'B  sd  o^  llsamiri  bsworfa   ajneX^  ©jbliol'^ 

tX^ijibnsrn   Isrioisfteloiq   sff^3«'^>Jooitft   to    fossc^eni    :^fir(^   e^ftS    •^ 

9ri^Y'lo''/fjxxfw  ?^niiicB;t-i908J3  to  raSv^s^a   tJ3Xi/3©i  s   bsrtalidjs^tsd   srf 

.a'^Dierf  Isrioxasdto'fq  vlqi?ii8"  9iiw  /^olHTifbrtfi  sfllvtaasb  eiew  Toaq 

o^    oe^nioqqB   a«w  8;*n«t   I^Tsnag  A        .aXflUfelv^ibfii    awo^fdnsg  no'tl 

jHil  orf^   '{d   dfosm  8tew   an    xtBfiob  Xsi^aqa  ^flfl  3ii(iir  alH:^   aeXv^-urfrp. 

,»ff»nt|td   bna  aevlw  ataoltto   aB  rfyi/a   eX^jjbivihni    afttiiJi:i'*iotflii   oS 

tliirid^  owonjl  93iBfli  o;t   ^adbOM  oovt   a^sw  oriw  |a9ts^^ai3«f!!  ':  to 

"TPOl:   bs^ria  tXdavtas   eif^w  ©^t/let  to  as^jfiXq  ft«fl   aXoorfjH        -p-^nn.^ 

a 9iii fitft-itjqqo   oaXe   Qtftw   9t9/1^   bfl^   eiila   beno^rrsdB   brns   looq 

-i;o£^-teq  beind&e    ^;»di   rtjlrtw  lol  ebBid*   ft  n^esX  a**   a^otf  oi"  ndvig 

03    n^mow  looq  'tot    bsiiaxIdBJfae   q^^at  'vt'nfut   r^Rr>J        .  ^i^.-*  *  f^' 'rr«*«  f 

aoaalE  Bbi-JoX'i        .:<fow  'tieri^  tot  isiit/tam  ^xj<f  5rt;^i.iT:  varidt   ^ai^i 


lUS 


also  speaks  of  the  evil  of  unorganized  charity  in  ^he  follow- 
ing words  :  "Sire,  there  are  such  great  benefits  derived  by 
means  of  the  hospitals  and  the  committees  that  I  cannot,  under- 
stand how  sensible  persons  misjudge  thew.   He  who  is  charita- 
ble through  these  channels  is  conscious  that  his  charity  is 
not  limited  to  purely  personal  compassion  for  an  individual 
of  some  kin-  or  for  his  situation.   He  then  gives  necessarily 
for  the  love  of  Christ,  thus  raising  a  moral  virtue  to  the 
sphere  of  those  which  ar^  truly  Christian."   Young  girls  were 
given  doweries  by  me^ns  of  a  loan  bank  established  for  that 
purpose  and  poor  houses  were  established  for  nearly  every 
large  town.   Florida  Blanca  gives  great  cre^Jitto  the  clergy 
for  these  works. and  says  that  the  bishops  and  other  prelates 
submitted  with  good  grace  to  the  deduction  of  one  third  from 
their,  reyecu^ .  to.be  applied  toward  p^iasjLonirjg,  of  j'persoQS  cul- 
tivating the  sciences  and  letters. 

The  cause  of  charity,  like  that  of  education,  had 
©a^y  ^ble  supporters. during  this  reign  and  one,  of  the  most  em^xiy 
ardent  seems  to  have  been  the  icing's  minister  himself.   His 
views  on  the  right  methods  of  applying  charity  are  worthy  of 
even  the  most  advanced  writers  of  these  times  and  are  really 
remarkable  for  their  breadth  and  enlightenment. 


MI 


-Bji'iijrij   L-ix    onw   &  ,   tsnj    8^jj(,3i.'n  anQ£i9q    eiax5n'j3  won   Dn.id^s 

tTlhni   ftfe^  •tot-  notaaBqmoj   iMrt^'^sr?)^  '^Istuq  c  ii   ;ton 

Slit     0&    BUftLV    iBIOIff   «^^^rtt«lBT    ««  td    f»^Oi 

-.    ,;        /'tasn  folr  Mriail  ©t^w  a«;2fir«iC  looq  fofiB   ea-oq-tuq 

y:*i'T9jrb  Grit  of  f  iheio  &6f>*rn  8<*vt'«^:  Borrj?.!"''  isbi'^ol'^;  .  nvA).*  97:i-rBl 
sej:'£rl9''»:q  TeriJc  Drt£  aqofiaid  ©fl;t  cr^nj  a'^jsa  bne.  a^tiow  93»ricJ'  -lal 
Rtoit   b-riff^   9fi^  To  CEOE^awbdb  s/fi-   ot  *bje^g  foeog  d&tm'iief  Hindis  a 

3iH        ♦  xi68*iJtfr  ib'*«xnxn  8'^nifli   9ff:f    nji^&G    &vsri  or    2         .    :iii»t'ii5 

lo   v:iit*fow  e^s  \:^x-rBrio  Sntxlqqfl  to  aboric^  .-^ii  9/f#  no  «wair 

':IIeft*r  e*ie   bfis  aeaii^  ©»«fft  to*  s-r9:*'i-fw  ?s«5:)rrHvbs   tsot^  <^H*   novs 

.  ■trt©Hrte?'/i^^l>in9   una  ricrDusii.;    -u-t'/i^-    -.-.i/^    y^  jj.j.i-.uirie'i 


116 


'-  ^-ii*-  CHAPTER  IX. 

THE  JESUITS  AND  THE  INQUISITION. 

The  most  frequent  accusation  macTe  against  the  Jes- 
uits so  as  to  justify  their  expulsion  from  Spain  v/as  that  they 
Jiad  taP:en  an  important  part  in  the  risings  of  Madrid  in  March, 
1766,        It  is,  therefore,  quite  important  that  an  account  of 
their  expulsion  should  begin  prior  to  or  with  that  period. 

In  order  to  bring  about  the  reforms  contemplated  by 
Charles  III  his  ministers  thought  it  necessary/  to  begin  by 
changing  the  manner  of  dress  affected  by  the  Spaniard.   It 
usually  consisted  of  an  imme^nse  hat,  v/hich  vss  worn' in  such  a 
Y/ay  as  to  conceal  the  face  of  its  wearer  ;  and  with  this  he 
generally  wore  a  very  long  cleak  Tr^hich  likewise  served  to 
concesr-l  the  fori-  and  the  fe^.tur-es.   This  mode  r.f  df ess 'made  it 
ha^d  for  the  police  to  detect  assassins  or  robbers  and  to  remedy 
this  evil  Charles  III  issued  a  decree  forbidding  the  vearing 
of  large  hats '  df^'long  clb'aks.   The  carrying  out  of  this  de- 
cree aroused  the  fury  of  the  mob  and  it  was  directed  solely 
against  the  minister  of  the  interior,  Squilacci,  not  only  be- 
cause of  the  reforms,  but  also  because  of  his  forei^fh  birth. 
The  tailors,  who  were  sent  through  Madrid  to  cut  the  coats  to 
a  proper  length  increased  the  already  violent  discontent  and 
on  Palm  Sunday,  Inarch  23,  1766,  the  mob, composed  of  the  lovfer 


eii 


.i)Ol"XBq   ^Qdt   ci^iw  to  oi  %oi'iq  nl:%&6   biiJO:.&   iiotafiu  Sii^ 

-ed   '/Ino    ton    ti^^j^HsJ:  :if:lifi 

•  fi^ild  njiisiot   8tr^     to   oawsasd  OBi»  #i;d    e^  sauao 

l9'/>-0i    srrt   to    b9so:fificytf:fOm   exfi    fbbX 


116 


classes,  gathered  in  front  of  the  royal  palace,  crying  :  "Long 
live  the  king  I"  and  "Death  to  Squilacci  I"   All  the  street 
lanterns  which  had  been  introduced  a  little  earlier  were  de- 
stroyed and  the  house  of  the  Italian  minister  was  sacked. 
The  king  agreed  to  withdraw  the  decree,  but  the  people  also 
demanded  the  banishment  of  Squilacci  and  the  abolition  of 
monopolies  in  the  necessaries  of  life.   The  king  granted  these 
demands  and  also  amnesty  to  "^he  people,  but  the  flight  of 
Charles  and  his  gfamily  to  Aranjuez,  accompanied  by  Squilacci, 
cau.sed  new  tummlts  to  break  out.   This  finally  compelled  the 
king  to  send  his  minister  of  the  interior  to  Italy  and  Arand^a 
was  made  president  of  Castile,  while  Miguel  Musquiez  was  made 
minister  of  finances. 

For  6.11  these  disturbances,  which  can  be  traced  to^yari- 
ous  innovations  instituted  by  Charles  III  and  his  ministers, 
=  the  religious  orders  v;ere  blamed  and  especially  the  Jesuits. 
The  spirit  of  enlightenment,  which, had.  come  from  Prance,  and  ,.^^ 
had  been  imbibed  by  the  ministers  appointed  by  Charles,  found  1 
its  most  ardent  opponents  among  the  members  of  this  society, 
who  tried  in  every  way  to  oppose  the  spreading  of  the  doc- 
trines of  the  Prench  encyclopaedists  and  free  thinkers.   Wall, 
'Grimaldi,  Squilacci,  the  Duke  of  Alba,  Roda  and  other  influen- 
tial men  had  tried  to  persuade  the  king  to  take  steps  against 
the  Jesuits,  as  had  been  done  by  Pombal  in  Portugal  in  1759, 
and  by  Choiseul  in  Prance  in  1764  ;  but  Charles  seemed  reluc- 
tant to  attai;k  so  povrerful  an  arm  of  the  Church  as  the  Society 


11 


-eb  919W  -reiXise   eitJil  3  bs^  nt  nosd   berf  rfjirfv^  e-?-i9>-tnBl 

.b9:4j63   aivw  net'  ' -'-  aBiJ^f-"T      -  '    '"      -  -  -   -'   ---^  -^otite 

osXs   elqoeq   9xi^   :fwd   t®-iJ*ofe  «rf^  WBibriiiw  ot   besnaB  aniM   dKT 

lo  flOJWXXocfB,  erf:?   bnfli   lausXi^/fP   tc    ■*ri<^«!rff^i^e^   9^^*    ^sbrrsr'r'' 

ta  4"/^  t»Xqo9q  a  oaXe 

er'    '    LXh.:nuj    ciXeail   aiilT      ,  .iifo,  vl8$'f"   "  '        ': 

•lA  fma  "<;Xe;tI  c4  iQia^^ni   9ri>r  "To  fa^BXnf  f>nes   ot  anisi 

sbBw  8tw  selifpaifM  X  dX  triw   ,8Xxt8B0  lo   :frr9.f)i8  9T<T   ^bsm  af^w 

-     .  ^OJBt^    9Cf  -ifij  rfylriw    ,3H jnBj'^uisib   & 

,.''.T?5-*r^  h"!tni  g2r{   bnB   III    '"0l-^,*;-rf0  -'.^  bs^ufits'ii    En.olfnron:rtt    ^uo 

,ii^iii^o\u   3^*   TiXieiw/9q.a&  Dim  xj'jimiQ   jiiaw   s'laoia  cijjui^  - 

bnB   ,8anai^  motl   amo;)  Xisrl  rtai  ,lXn»  lo  iliiqs   sxlT 

-oof)  ©xij"  16  -jatbijaiqe     diit   9ao!i.qo  Oit  xew.  ^BVh 

jXIsT        .KT^^Cnt'^'*   i?9^1    ^no  a:f,Bil3^^qoXj'^,^09  rJan?>'T^  :>:f 

,eeVX    nx    XB^.iJtto*I   fii   XBdBio^  ;%:i.  ennb  ^^f^ri   f  t'-'-'i  ^-^ 

-j.L'Xsi  bout998   asXlurfO   ^wd   ;    i-aVI   n  1 


117 


Jesuits  and  it  was  not  until  after  the  riots  in  Madrid  that  he 
appointed  a  Junta  to  consider  the  suppression  of  the  society. 
The  decision  reached  by  the  Jun^a  culminated  in  'ihe  expulsion 
of  the  Jesuits  ;0n  April  2,  1767.    The  The  execution  of  this 
decree  v/as  accomplished  with  the  greatest  secrecy  and  it  was 
arrant^.ed  so  that  it  should  be  proclaimec'  simultaneously  in  all 
the  provinces  of  the  empire  and  that  it  should  be  executed  ' 
with  the  utmost  dispatch.    Fro?:i  4000  to  5000  Jesuits  v^ere 
transported  to  tlie  various  ports  and  were  then  shipped  to  the 
papal  dominions.   The  hardships  endured  by  these  exiles  was 
certainly  disproportionate  to  tlieir  offences  and  cast  a  shadov/ 
over  what  v/as  proclaimed  to  be  an  act  of  great  enlightenment. 

Although  the  riots  in  Madrid,  which  o(fecurred  in 
March  1766,  have  generally  been  considered  to  be  the  original 
cause  of  the  expulsion  of  the  Jesuits,  it  is  quite  apparent  upon 
a  more  careful  study  of  the  subject  that  they  were  only  inci- 
dents in  "^he  movement  against  the  Jesuits  and  that  the  ministers 
of  Spain  and  even  Charles  III  himself  really  considered  the 
above  named  distu.rbances  only  as  fortunate  pretexts  to  carry 
out.  thiir  general  policy  of  enlightenment.   The  death  of    "^ 
Elizabeth  Parnese,  the  Queen-mother,  which  occurred  in  1766, 
is  another  incident  which  brought  the  anti-Jesuit  rr^ovement 
nearer  its  goal,  for  it  vvas  well  known  that  the  respect  and 
filial  devotion  which  Charles  bore  his  mother  prevented  him 
from  taking  any  steps  against  the  society  which  enjoyed  her 
protection  ;  though  Tanucci  hB.6.   unquestionably  inspired  him 


^Xi 


8#rf^'^  to   no  X  .-^  jj  o  ^.  A  t!    orfT   er  fT        ,  T  dT  I    ,  S  I  i*iqA  •  nfls>.A^  ins  ©  L   »/i  :♦   t  o 
Ilff  r?l    \:X?:*f09'nfffi«/mia   ?t&mtfiiao*Tq   sit  Mworfw*^  l>t  *Bfi:'    oa   be^^naits 

3iiw   3&jLi>:s    sae.'i      'ij    ny'u.fc:i9  8ilrf8jbtfir{   9/fT        ♦anoxairaob  laqaq 

.  vn^mna^ifSilna  ^bS''::^^  Jo  ^ob  riB   dcf   ocf   beacisl^jotq  as^^  cfBrfvr  levo 

iBnigito  9f{:f   9cr  ot   beta&laiioo  rtsed  '^Ils-Janea  dvBil   ,ddTi  riuiBM 

-ijfu    ilnu   9-..3.V  -^9.v:    :'sr,7   jj^tc^ifs    sri:t  to   x*»w^a  iulis-rfeo  S'xo 

§/^t' ^g-I«^^ta^f^J  -'.flcsT  llsamli!  Ill   asit.a.-'O  neve  brta  nrB-rfi  Jo 
^i'i'iBj   0*    3;!..s:*;r^%vi   QTBnJjrio'i    se   ""^infc)   3*:'jn:±3d'XJj;^8Xb   b^m/s.^  jjswufc 

to   rf^fBO^   8f{T        .:tfl9rane.tn?3lJrj©  "to  ^{olX^q  Xetsxxsa  tx* 
^oSVI    :!i    bstitiuoo  rfolffw    ,  :-fi«ewp   9rii    ,e36i  iBS-iI3 

nriri   bailq?3nJt    ^Xd9f!0t^afWL;|>itsr  berf   luJirn;- 


118 


with  an  unfriendly  spirit  against  the  followers  of  Loyola. 

-  ^^A    *•   In  order  to  appreciate  the  influence  exercised  over 
the  king  as  against  the  Jesuits  by  using  the  Madrid  riots  as 
arguments,  it  is  necessary  that  we  examine  the  validity  of  the 
charge  implicating  the  Society  in  the  rising. 

The  hatred  of  the  foreigners,  who  predominated  in  ,^  . 
the  king*s  council,  and  the  reforms  instituted  by  them  were 
unquestionably  the  chief  sources  of  irritat4,^qp.  .  This   is 
evidenced  bvv^tvhe  pamphlets  and  dogger^llverse  circulated  at 
that  time.   Nothing  in  them  suggests  that  the  Jesuits  had 
anything  to  do  with  the  movement,  but  all  the  venom  of  low 
satire  and  wit  seems  to  bo  directed  against  the  despieeid  for- 
eigners.   The  nuntio  wrote  to  the  cardinal  Torregiani  on  ^^ 
April  2,  1769,,  ^.^yin^  tha,t,  the  ,hat^.^^(^^  p^.j^.  thp.  fo,re,ig;^ers  ,wa^5. 
the  cause  of  t  he  disturbance  and  expressing  f-ear  because  of  a 
^belief,  which  was  encouraged.  That  the  clergy  was  connected  y 
YfJ^p..  th^^^   tr.c^ublej^^  aj^d.,  that  .s,qr:ie.,pa3rti,mAlar  religious,  ord,.er  •:.,. 
ijiight  be  blamed  for  them.    In  a  letter  written  by  Arands'  to 
'Roda  on  April  9,  1766,  the  wi'iter  says  that  after  a  secret  inves- 
jf^d^at^i^pn  h^,,ha^  ,cpme  to  the  conclusion  tl^.at.  the  moving  spirit 
of   the  riot  was  the  presence  of  Squilacci.   It  was  Tanucci 
who  implicated  the  Jesuits,  though  at  first  he  thought  that  the 
^rising  was  fomented  by  the  lowest  class  of  friars  an^  that  the 
order  against  long  cloaks  and  slouch  hats  was  the  primary 


1.   D.  y  C,  Vol. Ill,  p.ie. 


•X9V0  i>eeiyisHX9  ejnswiljii    arfr^  s^sIj^^  96*10  ^I 

nx    foe  ,v   ^8T9r?:^J&'T0*t    ^="1??  to ;  bS'itBr!   9rfT 

its  f>9?!?;lw;>rJ:j  ee^a^'f  I^n  7^^ol>  bne    .  id  &'  -9 

srft  #^jrlt   fo«s  fi-iriJitl  to  aa»|v!^^e»woi   9ii5"  ttf  fjelnamol  eew  ^niait 


.01 


110 


cause.    In  a  letter  to  Losada  he  says  that  the  riots  re- 
sulted from  suggestions  made  by  some  friars  and  that  he  did 
not  hope  for  tranqmility  of  the  people  nntil  the  various  or- 
ders had  been  driven  out  of  the  country.    He  also  advised 
the  most  stringent  measures  against  the  inhabitants  of  Madrid 
and  on  June  10,  1766,  he  wrote  to  Losada  that  he  was  J)ersuaded 
that  the  clergy  were  the  seciPet  authors  of  sedition.    Shertly 
aftervard  in  a  letter  to  Azara,  the  Tuscan  free -think  r-r,  he 
said  :  "The  Jesuits  are  everywhere  the  same.   They  are  sedi*^'- 
tious,  enemies  of  all  rulers  and  of  nations, and  public  thieves. 

I  do  not  knov:  v/hy  they  wait  in  destroying  the  college  of  Loy- 

2 
Ola."    In  the  same  year  he  vrrote  to  Losada  as  follows  :  "The 

freeing  of  the  country  from  the  Jesuits  should  be  considered 
carefully,  but  when  this  is  once  resolved,  it  should  be  car- 
ried out  with  precision  and  at  a  single  instant  throughout 
the  kingdom."    On  December  9,  Tanucci  wrote  to  Losada,:  "My^> 

desire  is  that  the  Jesuits  should  leave  Madrid  before  the  king 

4 
enters,  that  i6,  as  soon  as  they  are  expelled  from  Spain." 

The  above  extracts  show  the  uncompromising  attitude  of  Tanucci 

and  upon  considering  the  immense  influence  exercised  by  him 

over  Charles  it  can  hardly  be  denied  that  the  primary  motive 

for  the  expulsion  of  the  Jesuits  sprang  from  the  mind  of  the 

political  tutor  of  the  king  and  that  the  riots  of  T'larch  23, 

-   -   -   -   -   -■.!',:  '■ir\%'r:  -       ~       -       '^r-<_.Mm,      .-^  n-.*'  ^'-     -       -      'r  '■  *-   -  - 

1.  D.  y  C,  Vol.  HI,  p.  13. 

2.  Ibid,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  14. 

3.  Ibid,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  15. 

4.  Ibid,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  16. 


01  [ 


fcltfocM  lo  atnBtirfBnfTi    d 

oB^aoJtanoa  erf  bluo^le   ii^i./aeo  £>;':    irto*?!  ^.1-T  lo  snicjeit 

-tfij   Sri  Mr; Off 8    tt    ,f>©vIoee?f  eacxo   at  ai 

gnt:^  *ri^  ©Tcterf  ^ttb«n  eve»I  Jbi^roria  ^sttua^I,  srf'tf   ts/ 

srl^.  To   fanins  9ff.t  rnoil   ^neiqa   ejxijs^^u  a.aj    lo  aoxaxyqx: 
,52   fiy-ta'T  to  aloft  od.t    tad^   bnn  ^n : 


120 


1766,    were   onlj^  opportune   events  v/hich  offered   the   reforming 

^••unisters   of  f3harles   the   chance    they  h&ri   been   looking   for  to 

1 
bring  abcu-^  the  downfall  of  the  hater'  society.    Danvila 

says  :  "The  corresponoence  of  Tanueci  "v/ith  the  ministers  of 
"^-he  king  of  Sp^in  in  1766  was  the  mirror  from  whence  was  re- 
flected everything  that  v/as  said  or  done  in  I!adrid  against  the 
Jesuits  and  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  expulsion  and  the 
manner  in  which  it  was  carried  ou"^-  sprang  from  the  mind  of 
the  free-thinker,  who,  dtaring  the  period  of  a  quarter  of  a  cen- 
tury, had  given  Charles  III  his  political  education." 

By  a  decree-  issued  April  22,  1766,  Aranda  was  com- 
manded to  make  secret  inquiry  as  tb- leaders  of  the  riots  and 
as  to  the  publifhers  of  the  satires  and  pasquinades  against" 
the  members  of  the  Council.   He  v/as  also  to  find  means  by 
YvM^.ich  he  could  prevent  future  risings  and  was  *-o  punish  the 
leaders.   But  the  satires  and  pamphlets  continued  to  be  cilrcu- 
lated  and  Ensen&da,  who  had  been  knov/n  as  a  friend  of  the  Jes- 
uits, the  bishop  of  Cuenca  and  o'^hers  were  arrested.    Accord- 
ing to  Lafuente  there  was  no  ground  for  believing  that  Ensenada 
had  in  an:  way  been  connected  wi^h  the  revolt,  -^ hough  it  was 
said  that  'vivats*  were  uttered  for  him.  on  one  or  two  occa- 
sions during  the  rioting.   His  only  fault  had  been  his  friend- 
ship for  the  Society  of  Loyola,  but  Te.nucci  said  that  he  had 
alv/ays  been  in  old  intrigues  and  among  other  things  had  tried 

1.   n.  y  C,  Vol.  Ill,, p.  16. 


OS^l 


oi  Ti.^Iooi    fried   herf  x^ti$   »«nflT  '    bbS.^  -tim 

I 

gKt    .■'p.frtR'-.B    fU'fhft'T   .Ti    ano^  *¥o    hies    p.vt/    ^^Br'^  ■r>'nt.'f'^''r*tQV&  bfr-^JBlJ. 

?  >ii*  mntt  j^Btqs  v-^i/o   h»iti8»  aev  ;tl   /luitfir  ftl  ten 

■n«';>  fi' "to  't9.tifiifp    «  to   fiotT«ia   ftrf!*   ^^rfitif^'    .o-^y    .'«:s>[r(i  ;*-^^'^t    grft 

-*fl50a  vS  XinqA   bsiiasl  «eije£y  a  ijF 

:?Baiogfi  aai>sniwp«Bq   hirt«  ao*:i:we8   9ff^  lo  aisii^^iXdifq   &ri:^  o«    sb 

'   gnivails^  riot   twii/o-tg  oir!  S0vf^'i9ff:f .  9;fnei/'LS%I  o;J   :^»;il 

"1:   sirl  n6  9f(' bBxi  ifXyst  ^Inc  ai'  Jb  anoxE 

b»rf  9f!  ^arit  t>  ii?  8   t  ;>  awjs'j  f  t^tS  v»X  o  %ett  "^c^  X  ^»1  i»  o?  "      i  -.  a 

bQltt   bBjfl  e^nM^  t^sri*©  3rfor[iB  bne  a^rj^ti^'tni  i   nsacT  s^:sv.rls 


.ai 


121 


to  have  '^'erdinand  VI  establish  a  systey  of  government  sifliilar 
^.0   that  in  England.   None  of  the  individuals  v;ho  had  been 
arrestee*  were   convicted  of  any  criine,  though  inquisitorial 
methods  of  procedure  were  used  against  them.   The  only  proof 
of  any  connection  whatsoever  v/ith  the  revolt  was  furnished  by 
one  of  the  members  of  the  persecuted  Society.    In  September, 
1766,  Francisco  Xavier,  provincial  of  the  Company,  wrote  to 
one  of  the  ministers  of  the  king,  that  a  fev/  of  his  subordi- 
nates had  been  concerned  in  some  of  the  troubles,  against  the 
express  wishes  of  their  superior,  but  the  offenders  had  been 
deprived  of  their  office  and  otherwise  severely,  punished .   The 
king  wrote  back  "l-hat  he  had  the  utmost  confidence  in  the  pro- 
vincial and  that  ^he  acts  of  a  few  of  his  subordinates  v/ould 
be  treated  as  those  of  individuals  only  and  that  the  Company 
wouid  not  be  blamed  for  it.    This  instance  and  the  fact  that 
a  few  Jesuits  tried  to  calm  the  disturbed  masses -by  reasoning 
with  them  were  the  only  indications  of  any  connection  whatso- 
ever v/ith  the  riots  on  the  part  of  the  Society  of  Jesus. 
The  appearance  of  the  Jesuit  brothers  caused  shouts  of  "Long 
live  the  Jesuits,"  etc., to  be  uttered  and  that  naturally  helped 
to  advertise  their  presence.   The  various  decrees  issued  after 
March,  1766,  shov;  the  tendency  of  the  king  and  his  m.inisters 
to  fix,  if  possible,  "-he  responsibility  upon  the  clergy.    All 
the  pamphlets  and  pasquinades  issued  were  believed  to  have  been 


1.   D.  y.C,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  25. 


■no 


-af.T     -'^.rf*       -'      ^K.j;  TA-^h  ftrfO  :i     1  ^i  Ofn:*  f/     <Jff ''     hirt-ff    .Q;^    .trtiT*    ''•jft'f     Ar^'O'-T*'    ■^rftl« 

tiioj  '.:a«  to  e^oi 
■s-^'!-;-    r,'i':;>.'!j    J^/9a-iv)©b   ajjolxs'-    ^^'^T        .  ^=*  vrT-»'-»-<|,  f  i^^-' 


-oad'jsriw  n 
I 


122 


printed  by  the  clergy  and  in  April  1766  all  such  publications 
wei'B  prohibited  under  pain  of  the  severest  penalties.   Priests 
or  any  members  of  the  clergy  without  any  occupation  \7ere  told 
to  leave  the  court  and  return  to  their  churches  or  dioceses. 
In  September  of  the  same  year  a  decree  was  issued  prohibiting 
clergy  from  speaking  against  any  royal  personages  or  m.embers  of 
the  king*s  councils.    All  investigations  were  made  with  a 
view  to  implicating  the  clergy  and  especially  the  Jesuits. 

A  council,  called  Consejo  extraordinario,  v/as  ap- 
pointed with  the  duties  of  investigating  the  riots  of  f^afirid 

2 
and  preparing  for  the  expulsion  of  the  Jesuits.    Its  methods 

of  procedure  were  inquisitorial  ;  boti-^  its  members  and  the 
witnesses  swore  absolute  secrecy  in  all  matters  and  did  not 
even  allow  the  accused  to  have  a  hearing.   Aranda  was  made 
president  of  this  council  which  had  thirteen  members  and  was 
divided  into  two  chambers,  that  of  Justice  and  that  of  Con- 
science.   In  order  to  occupy  this  judicial  body  various  accu- 
sations v/ere  circulated  against  the  Jesuits.    It  was  said 
that  satires  and  pasquinades  were  printed  by  the  Society*s 
press  and  others  declared  that  they  had  seen  the  Jesuits  urging 

on  the  mob  and  had  seen  P.Isidro  Lopez  calling  for  Ensenada  to 

3 
replace  F5quilacci.    It  was  also  declared  that  Jesuits  had 

encouraged  riots  with,  offers  of  money  and  that  they  had  held 

meetings  for  planning  the  assassination  of  the  king.    These 

absurd  lies  and  the  most  convincing  proof  of  the  consciousness 

1.  D.    y  C,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  25. 

2.  Ibid,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  o6. 

'Z.  T 1.  i   J     Tr   -.     t-rf  


123 


felt  by  *he  rovernment  of  the  v/ealoiess  of  its  c^ise. 

On  January  29,  1767,  the  Extraordinary  Council  sent 
a  proposal  of  expiilsion  of  the  Jesuits  to  the  king,  this  docu- 
ment being  divided  in*:o  tv/o  parts.   The  first  deals  l7ith  the  le- 
gal consideration  and  justice  of  such:^a^  ptep  and  the  second 
suggested  the  manner  and  conditions  of  expulsion.   Among 
other  terms  it  was  provided  that  regulars  of  the  Company 
should  receive  one  hundred  dollars  and  lay-brothers  ninety 
dol]ars  annually  ;  v/hile  the  novices  y.^ere  allowed  to  choose 
hetv/een  remaining  in  Hpain  or  going  v/ith  their  superiors. 
On  February  27,  Charles  gave  warrant  to  Aranda  to  carry  outt 
t'^e  recommendation  of  the  Coiincil,  leaving  date  and  other  de- 
tails to  his  discretion.   The  only  co-operators  chosen  by 
A.randa  v/ere  Monino,  Campomanes  and  Roda.    The  date  fixed  by 
these  for  the  carry in,^  out  of  the  decree  war,  ^pril  2   and  the 
plans  "-ere  so  secretly  and  carefully  laid  that  no  one  excepting 
the  four  ministers,  Tanucci,  and,  of  course,  the  king  knew  of 
*:h.e   impending  blow  to  be  sti'uck  at  the  papacy. 

On  March  30th  Charles  sent  a  short  letter  to  the  Popi 
declaring  his  inten(6ion  to  expel  the  Jesuits  from  his  domin- 
ions.  He  also  sent  one  to  Tanucci  at  the  sane  time,  but  the 
effect  of  the  two  letters  v;«s  not  the  same  on  the  tv/o  recipi- 
ents.  The  Pope  sent  Charles  a  letter  of  earnest  and  sorrowful 

2 

appeal  asking  him  to  reconsider  the  step  which  he  had  taken. 


1,  D  .    y   0. 

2.  Ibid,  Vol.  VI,  p.  57. 


n  -;  ■ 


I    f»fii 


:iym 


124 


Charles*  answer  was  respectful  and  dignified  but  he  remained 
firri  in  his  decision,  declaring  that  the  expulsion  was  a 

rovidential  act  and  that  no  irionasteries  or  orders  would  be 
permitted  to  exist  in  this  kingdom  v/hich  did  not  remodel  their 
constitutions.   He  also  said  that  no  religious  order  was  ne- 
cessary for  the  welfare  of  the  Ohurch,  and  that  he  had  acted 
solely  for  the  benefit  of  his  dominions.   When  Tanucci  heard 
of  the  decree,  he  wrote  to  Gampomanes  that  the  prosperity  of 
Spain  was  assured  and  that  she  would  soon  rival  England  and 
Prance.   He  calls  Aranda  t'^e  Hercules  who  had  performed  a 
super-hBtnan  task.     It  is  necessary  to  read  the  letters  of 
Tanucci  to  comprehenfl  the  great  satisfaction  he  felt  when  he 
received  the  letters  from  the  king  and  his  ministers.    On 
April  8,  he  wrote  to  Rollari  that  he  had  congratulated  his 
friend  D.  Manuel  upon  the  expulsion  of  the  Jesuits  toward 
Wiiich  end  he  had  been  working  ^o   hard.    On  April  21,  Tanucci 
wrote  a  letter  to  Charles,  asking  him  to  suggest  the  expulsion 
of  the  Jesuits  to  the  y.oung  king  of  Haples.   He  declared  that 
Jesuits  v/ere  hated  in  all  Catliolic  countries  of  the  world. 

The  Extraordinary  Councils  issued  a  report  on  April 
30,  declaring  that  the  part  taken  by  the  Jesuits  in  Madrid  vms 
not  the  only  charge  against  them.    It  v/as  their  spii^it  of 
fanaticism  and  sedition,  their  false  doctrines  and  their^  in- 
tolerable pride  vvhich  had  characterized  the  body.    This  priffe 


l.D.  y  C,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  45. 
2.  Ibid,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  48. 


liO 


harmed  the  nation  and  also  its  prosperity  ;  but  contributed 
to  the  aggrandizement  of  the  pretensions  of  Rome  tov/ard  uni- 
versal dominion,  which  can  be  seen  in  the  partiality  of 
cardinal  Torregiani  to  sustain  the  power  of  the  Company  as 
against  the  king*s. 

in  refusing  to  allov;  the  expelled  Jesuits  to  land 
in  the  Papal  States,  thB'jPope  thought  that  he  would  compel 
Charles  to  take  then  back  ;  but  the  Spanish  king  had  made  up 
his  m.ind  to  bring  about  the  extinction  of  the  order  and  after 
having  rid  Spain  of  the  curse,  as  he  called  it,  he  turned  his 
attention  to  the  Sicilies.   On  June  9,  1767,  he  wrote  to 
Tanvicci  that  he  felt  uneas^r  bece.use  of  the  presence  of  the  Jes- 
uits in  Naples  and  he  asked  the  minister  to  aid  his  son  in 
accomplishing  their  expulsion.    In  the  same  letter  he  said  : 
"I  knov/  that  the3-'  (the  Jesuits)  are  capable  of  anything  and 
no  one  knows  better  than  I  do,  having  had  experience.    I 
grow  more  contented  each  day  for  having  expelled  them  and  see 
more  and  nore  hoi7  necessary  it  was." 

The  causes  for  the  expulsion  assigned  by  Charles 
III  or  rather  by  his  ministers  were  couched  in  generalities 
and  the  king  himself  declared  he  would  keep  the  charges  as  one 
of  the  secrets  of  his  heart.    Cara: on  says  that  the  only 
accusations  against  the  Jesuits  can  be  summed  up  in  these  words: 
The  Spanish  Jesuits  have  been  accused  of  a  multitude  of  v/icked 


1.  D.  y  C,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  58. 

2.  Ibid,  Vol.  IIT,  p.  67. 


126 


acts  and  crimes."^   The  provision  made  against  any  statements 
made  b;  the  Jesuits  on  "^he  subject  of  their  expulsion  was  an 
indication  of  fear  of  scrutiny  which  was  felt  by  the  Spanish 
I:ing.    The  charge  that  the  Jesuits  had  questioned  the   legiti- 
macy of  Charles'  birth  seems  to  have  been  invented  solely  to 
further  the  interests  of  the  anti-Jesuitical  party  and  v/as  so 
absurd  that  it  hardly  could  have  influenced  the  king  in  any 
way.   A.  Spanish  author  says  :  "Elizabeth  of  P'arnese  has  been 
accused  by  history  of  having,  driven  Spain  into  various  ruinous 
enterprises  to  advance  the  interests  of  her  sons  ;  but  no  one 
has  ever  been  so  bold  as  to  say  that  she  stained  her  royal 
couch  with  the  stigma  of  adultery  ;  and  perhaps  one  of  the  rea- 
sons v/hich  aided  in  the  firm  establishment  of  the  ^>ourbon  dy- 
nasty in  Spain  was  the  honorable  dignity  of  the  royal  con- 
sorts of  Philip  V,  Ferdinand  Vi  and  Charles  III."^ 

Swayed  by  the  principles  of  advanced  ': bought  which 
caused  Charles  to  decree  the  expulsion  he  intrigued.,  plotted 
and  planned  until  he  had  achieved  the  total  extinction  of  the 
Society. 

In  concluding  it  might  be  well  to  repeat  that  the    \ 
expulsion  of  the  Jesuits  was  not  due  to  their  alleged  ac  ivity 
in  the  riots  of  Tadrid,  or  to  their  absurd  slander  against  the 
ling's  birth  or  any  other  trumped-up  charge  of  the  encyclo- 


1.  Carayon,  p.  40. 

2.  D.  y  C,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  82. 


127 


paedists  ;  but  rather  to  the  necessity  of  the  abolition  of  an 
institution  v/hich  was  against  all  the  principles  on  v;hich  the 
system  of  enlightened  absolutism  was  based. 

Although  Charles  III  was  an  intensely  religious  and 
pious  man,  it  v/as  entirely  in  conformity  with  his  political 
principles  to  limit  the  powei'  of  the  clergy,  the  Church  and 
the  Papacy,  as  nmch  as  possible.    By  means  of  the  Jesuits,  the 
Inquisition,  its  nuntios  and  the  numerous  papal  bulls  published 
prior  to  thts  reign  many  of  the  privileges  and  rights  of  the 
crown  had,  to  a  large  extent,  been  absorbed  by  the  Church, 
especially  those  pertaining  to  the  judicial  department.   It 
was  against  these  evils  that  the  enlightened  ministers  of  Charles 
III  fought  most  zealously  and  they  succeeded  in  curbing  the 
power  of  Rome  in  such  a  w^ay  as  to  leave  the  supremacy  of  the 
crown  unquestioned. 

The  Inquisition  had  lost  m.any  of  its  early  charac- 
teristics and  its  omnipotence  had  been  checked  during  the  reign 
of  ?erdinand  VI,  w^hen  the  king  interfered  in  the  trial  of 
■^eijoo.   Wnen   in  1760  the  Holy  oee  forbade  the  publication  of 
the  work  of  Doctor  Mesenghi,  the  tribunal  of  the  Inquisition 
wanted  to  publish  the  brief  condemning  it  ;  but  D,   Rlcardo 
Wall  ordered  its  publication  to  be  suspinded.    A  pragmatic 
of  January  18,  1762,  commanded  that  no  papal  bull,  brief  or 
letter  should  be  published  before  being  submitted  to  the  king 

1.   D.  y  C,  Vol.  VI,  p.  83. 


bB 


128 


for  examina'tion.    It  was  also  decreed  that  all  briefs  or 
letters  sent  to  individuals  from  Rome  should  first  be  passed 
upon  by  the  Council,  so  as  to  determine  whether  or  not  the 
terms. of  the  Concordat  were  in  any  way  infringed  upon,  whether 

the  rights  of  the  crown  were  prejudiced  or  whether  the  good 

.  1 

cmstOEis  or  the  quiet  of  the  country  was  in  any  ■'./ay  endangered. 

All  condemnations  of  books  were  made  subject  to  royal  revis- 
ion.  The  Indictments,  m.ade  by  the  Inguisition  against  Aranda, 
"'lorida  Blanca,  Campomanes,  Roda  and  the  bishops  who  had  been 
members  of  the  Council  which  considered  the  expulsion  of  the 
Jesuits,  declarinji  them  to  te    the  supporters  of  the  modern 

philosophy  and  enemies  of  the  Church,  were  suspended  by  the 

2 

crown.    The  trial  of  Olavide,  the  superintendent  of  the 

Sierra  I'orena  colonies,  v/as  the  last  notable  attempt  on  the 
part  of  the  Inquisition  to  assert  its  terrible  prerogative  of 
earlier  times,  and  in  that  case  Charles  allowed  the  victim,  to 
escape  to  "'"'ranee  aft-r  a  comparatively  light  sentence  had  been 
imposed.    In  1770  a  decree  v/as  issued  confining^  the  juris- 
diction of  the  Inquisition  to  cases  of  apostasy  and  heresy,  with- 
out the  right  of  placing  the  king's  subjects  in  prison  before 
having  heard  them.    A  royal  decree  of  June  16,  1768,  forbade 
the  condemnation  of  a  bool:  without  previously  having  heard  its 
author.   Danvila  concludes  by  saying  :  *'A11  these  acts  go  to 
show  that  Charles  III  preferred  to  limit  the  jurisdiction  of 


1.  D.  y  C .,  Vol.  VI,  p.  84. 

2.  Ibid. 


,n  J 


129 


the  Koly  Office,  to  softer  itis  harshness  and  rigors,  and  to 
convert  its  ancient  omnipotence  into  laudible  flexibility, 
rather  than  decree  the  suppression  of  -^he  tribunal,  v/hich,  as 
the  historian  Lafuente  recognized,  would  have  clashed  v/ith 
many  of  the  interests,  occupations  and  traditional  customs  of 
a  large  part  of  the  clergy  and  a  large  part  of  thehpeople . " 

1.   D.  y  C,  Vol.  VI,  p.  86. 


130 


CHAPTER  IX. 
PEPSOFAL  CHARACTER  0?  CHAPLEB  III. 

The  precominant  ohare.oteristios  of  Charles  III  v/ere 
his  good  nature,  his  honesty,  virtue  anc"  his  tenacity  or 
stubbornness,  as  his  critics  called  it.   His  paternal  rule 
while  king  of  Naples  had  so  endeared  him  to  his  Italian  sub- 
jects that  they  considered  it  to  be  a  national  calamity  when 
he  left.   His  Spanish  subjects  became  equally  attached  to 
their  king  and  he  made  it  his  constant  aim  to  procure  their 
prosperity  and  to  increase  the  glory  of  the  nation.    It  is 
true  that  he  made  mistakes,  especially  in  foreign  politics, 
during  his  long  reign  ;  but  they  were  not  due  to  any  selfish 
desire  for  glory,  but  rather  to  reconquer  territory  which  he 
thought  rightfully  belonged  to  his  crown  and  virere  a  menace  to 
the  peace  of  his  kingdom  while  in  the  hands  of  foreigners. 

Wlien  Charles  came  to  the  Spanish  throne,  he  was  near- 
ly forty-four  years  old  and,  according  to  his  ambassador  in 
Paris,  he  v^as  a  little  more  that  five  feet  tv/o  inches  in  height, 
well  built,  very  robust,  tanned  by  the  weather  and  had  a  large 
aquiline  nose.    His  large  nose  was  said  to  have  marie  a  rather 
bad  impression  at  first,  but  that  was  succeeded  by  a  feeling 

1.   D.  y  C,  Vol.  VI,  p.  5. 


131 


which  was  quite  the  reverse  upon  further  acquaint^snce .    He 
was  exceedingly  cleanly  and  dressed  so  morlestly  that  it  was 
hard  to  tell  v/ho,  in  a  royal,  assembly,  v/as  the  king.    Charles 
was  a  man  of  scrupulously  regular  habits  and  vms  so  attached 
to  his  mode  of  life  that  anything  that  interfered  with  it 
would  upset  him.   His  love  anr'  affection  ^'^or  his  fanily  v/as 
constant  and  one  of  his  finest  traits.   His  matrimonial  life 
was  exempl-^jry  and  exceedingly  happy.   His  virtue  was  famous 
and  was  the  subject  of  considerable  commedt  ofi  the  part  of 
contemporary  writers,  for  continence  among  liings  was  rare. 
Charles  had  thirteen  children  by  his  v/ife  Ilaria  A.m.alia  of  Seixo- 
nj'"  and  his  interest  and  love  for  these  was  second  to  that  he 
bore  his  subjects.   She  king's  refusal  to  marry  again  was  said 
to  have  been  due  to  his  love  for  his  first  vdfe  and  his  fear 
of  creating  difficulties  in  his  succession. ^ 

Charles*  experience  in  ITaples  had  made  him  unusually 
fit  for  the  tasks  of  a  ruler  and  his  choice  of  ministers  is  the 
best  proof  of  his  administrative  ability.   His  hatred  of  changes 
of  any  kind  made  him  reluctant  to  discharge  a  minister  once  in 
office  and  this  v/as  unquestionably  a  great  source  of  good,  for 
it  gave  the  enlightened  official  an  opportunity  to  work  out  his 
reforms.    The  regard  which  Charles  III  felt  for  Justice  in 
most  matters  is  shown  by  his  reluctance  to  ask  for  favors  for 
his  personal  friends  and  Iluriel  gives  an  instance  where  he 


1.  D.  y  C,  Vol.  VI J  p.  11. 


132 


expresses  great  joy  v/hen  a  minister  announces  the  appointment 
of  one  of  his  proteges  to  a  position  which  the  king  had  not 

cared  to  ask  for,  fearing  lest  he  shoulr  influence  his  ninis- 

1 
ters  in  their  choice.    The  paternal  rule  which  Charles  exer- 
cised over  his  subjects  is  best  illustrated  by  the  degrees  he 
issued  and  by  his  attitude  at  the  time  of  the  Madrid  riots. 
He  said  at  that  time  that  his  subjects  were  like  children  v/ho 
cried  while  being  washed.    The  purity  of  his  own  life  caused 
him  to  pass  many  lav/s  regulating  family  relations  and  espe- 
cially those  betv-een  parents  and  children.    In  order  to  get 
a  good  idea  of  his  character  it  is  best  to  consider  the  opin- 
ions of  the  different  historians  of  this  reign  and  especially 
of  the  foreigners  among  these.   Uanvila  says  :  "It  would  be 
difficult  to  find  anong  the  kings  of  that  epoch,  one  who  lived 
and  reigned  with  more  frugality  and  modesty  and  who  lived  more 

apatt  from  the  temptations  of  the  worlel  and  the  danger  which 

2 
courtly  vanities  and  flatteries  offer."    A  Prench  author  de- 
clares that  Charles  III  v/as  "simple  in  his  manners,  exemplary 
in  the  regularity  of  his  private  life  and  also  as  a  prince, 
scrupiilously  honest  in  his  relations  as  a  monarch,  but  until 
his  death  he  paid  a  tribute,  both  by  his  acts  and  by  his  words, 
to  superstition.""^   At  another  point  this  san:e  author  says  : 
"Under  Charles,  Euterpe   and  Terpsichore  ha^   lost  their  scep- 


1.  Muriel,  Vol.  VI,  p.  3. 

2.  D.  y  C  .,  Vol.  VI,  p.  10. 

3.  Bourg. ,  Vol.  II,  p.  14. 


133 


tre,  Being  more  simple  and  riore  uniforri  in  his  tastes  and  in- 
different to  profane  pleasures,  he  had  banished  then  from  his 
surroundings  and  contented  himself  with  the  encouragetaent  of 
the  silent  arts  as  well  as  the  sciences.   A  stranger  to  love, 
and  although  good,  he  Wc^s  almost  insensible  to  friendship  dur- 
ing the  thirty  years  of  his  reign,  with  the  possible  excep- 
tions of  that  with  the  Marquis  of  Pquilacci,  which  came  very 
near  proving  costly,  and  that  v/ith  the  Italian  valet  de  cham- 
bre,  Pusi,  who  was  only  influential  to  a  limited  degree.   He 
did  not  have  a  single  favoirite,  and  protected  by  his  devotion 
against  the  seduction  of  court  life,  he  spent  twenty-nine  years 
of  his  life  without  a  wife  or  a  mistress,  a  unique  instance, 
perhaps,  in  the  history  of  kings.   Libertinism  had  to  disgu-ise 
itself  it  order  to  approach  the  throne  unpunished,  and  there 
was  never  a  less  gallant  court  than  that  of  Charles  II IV 
Coxe  thought  that  Charles  had  "great  capacity,  a  prodigious 
memory  and  was  a  graceful  conversationalist,  speaking  Spanish, 
Italian,  and  French  with  great  fluency."   He  also  says  that 
he  was  unruffled  under  the  most  trying  circumstances  and  never 
unduly  elated  over  success.   He  was  devoted  to  religion  but 
n®ver  subservient  to  his  confessor  or  to  Rom.e .   The  English 
traveller,  Townsend,  describes  Charles  III  as  follows  :  "The 
reigninp;  m.onarch,  Charles  III,  has  never  been  considered  as  a 
man  of  more  than  common  abilities,  but  all  v'bo  know  him  admire 

1.   Bourg.,  Vol.  I,  p.  262. 


tliVOJ 


134 


the  goodness  of  his  heart  ;  and  indeed  it  is  impossible  to  look 
at  him  without  reading  distinctly  the  characters  of  benevo- 
lence and  truth.    As  a  man  of  principle,  he  esteems  it  his 
first  duty  to  promote  the  happiness  of  the  nation  over  which 
he   reigns  and  if  at  any  time  his  conduct  has  been  inconsistent 
with  his  principles  ;  if  he  has  contracted  unnatural  alliances, 
without  either  the  pida  of  necessity  or  prospect  of  advantage  ; 
if,  in  defence  of  a  relation  he  has  hastily  engaged  in  var, 
it  has  always  been  from  the  goodness  of  his  heart  and  from  the 
influence  of  gratitude  that  he  has  erred.    In  choosing  his 
ministers  he  consults  only  the  good  of  his  people,  and  it  must 
be  confessed  that  commonly  he  is  well  directed  in  hi[g  choice." 

In  spite  of  the  good  characteristics  of  Charles  III 
as  a  man  and  his  enlightened  views  as  a  ruler,  he  had  a  few 
faults  which  seemed,  to  say  the  least,  inconsistent  with  his 
general  attiture  in  regard  to  his  subjects  or  to  his  private 
life.   His  superstition  v/as  perhaps  the  most  striking  of  these 

efecfcs,  especially  when  we  consider  the  fact  that  he  attacked 
the  Church  because  of  abuses  arising  mainly  from  the  supersti- 

ions  encouraged  mainly  by  the  lower  orders  of  the  clergy. 
Bourgoing  speaks  of  one  good  instance  of  this  v/eakness  on  the 
part  of  the  king.    In  founding  the  order  of  Saint  Januarius, 
he  took  as  a  device  "in  sanguine  foedus",  firmly  believing  in 
the  liquefaction  of  the  blood  of  the  saint.   V/hile  at  Naples 

1.   Townsend,  Vol.  II,  p.  264. 


135 


Bourgoing  heard  that  when  at  one  time  this  blood  had  coagulated 
Charles  showed  great  conoern  and  immediately  began  to  look 
for  the  cause  of  this  change.    It  was  found  upon  examination 
of  the  saint's  tomb  that  a  crack  had  opened  in  the  partition 
which  separated  the  body  of  the  saint  from,  the  vial  containing 
the  blood.   Since  tradition  had  it  thafe  in  oKfder  to  obtain 
the  liquefaction  there  should  be  no  communication  between  the 
body  and  the  blood  of  the  daint,  the  people  and  the  king  firmly 
believed  that  this  had  been  the  cause  of  the  coagulation  and 

that  after  the  tomb  had  been  repaired  the  blood  recovered  its 

1 
miraculous  properties.    This  is  only  one  instance  of  Charles' 

primitive  belief,  but  is  typical  of  his  weakness.   The  king 
was  also  in  the  habit  of  carrying  with  him  the  toys  of  his 
childhood  and  his  valet  de  charabre  would  always  change  them 
from  the  pockets  of  one  suit  to  those  of  another  whenever 
Charles  changed  his  dress.   His  affection  for  a  certain  tree 
caused  him  to  deflect  the  superb  road  leading  into  Madrid, 
so  t'-^at  the  tree  would  not  be  disturbed.    The  passion  which 
Charles  entertained  for  hunting  was  probably  the  greatest 
source  of  evil  due  ^o  the  king  personally.   The  cost  of  fol- 
lowing his  favorite  pastime  was  enormous  and  besides  that  it 
had  a  bad  influence  upon  the  population  around  his  estates 
since  it  gave  them  many  opportunities  to  lay  down  their  regular 
work  in  o^ler  to  drive  game  for  the  royal  huntsmen.    The 

1.   T'^uriel,  Vol.  VI,  p.2-w 


136 


Bourbon  king's  fondness  for  the  chase  caused  him  to  commit  real 
acts  of  injustice  in  the  punishment  of  violations  of  the  game- 
laws.    In  one  case  a  peasant  from  the  neighborhood  of  Madrid 
went  into  the  royal  preserves  and  took  six  or  seven  acorns, 
said  to  have  been  intended  for  food  for  his  family.    A  guard 
who  caugh'-  the  poor  man  arrested  him  and  the  case  was  brought 
before  the  king.    *'Under  an  absolute  ruler,  excessively  fond 
of  the  chase,  the  lav/s  could  hot  be  too  severe  on  this  point.** 
It  was  decided  thAt  the  culprit  should  pay  for  his  act  by  being 
confined  in  the  dungeons  of  Centa  for  as  many  years  as  he  had 
taken  acorns  and  when  the  king  was  implored  to  commute  this 
sentence  he  declared  that  "it  was  a  terrible  thing  to  deprive 
the  poor  little  animals  of  their  food."   YJhen   af  er  six  years 
the  unfortunate  offender  was  allowed  to  have  his  freedom  he 
ambushed  and  killed  the  guard  who  first  arrested  him,  for  v/hldh 
murder  he  was  condemned  to  death  ahd  executed  at  Madrid.    Such 
is  the  effect  of  an  evil  rule  of  despotism  and  it  is  quite 
clear  that  all  the  good  derived  from  an  enlightened  biit  des- 
potic government  cannot  compensate  for  this  single   act  of 
injustice,  so  entirely  against  the  laws  of  humanity  and  indi- 
vidual liberty.    This  constant  desire  on  the  part  of  the  king 
to  spend  his  time  in  pursuit  of  game  v/as  justified  by  some 
v/riters  because  it  was  said  to  have  been  necessary  to  divert 
the  minds  of  Bourbons  who  had  alv/ays  shown  a  tendency  tovvard 

L.  .  !!uriel,  Vol.  VI,  p.  7. 


157 


melancholia  and  other  forms  of  insanity.   Coxe  says  of  Charles' 
character  :  "His  defects  were  few,  but  strongly  marked,  and 
among  them  we  cannot  .'pass  over  his  love  for  the  chase,  or 
rather  shooting,  which  degenerated  into  a  ruling  passion." 

Townsend  estimated  that  the  cost  o£   one  day's  shooting  v/hich 

2 

he  attended  amounted  to  three  thousand  pounds  sterling. 

■^lorida  Blanca,  in  his  Statement,  calls  the  king's  attention 
to  the  evils  of  allowing  a  great  number  of  people  to  leave  their 
work  in  order  to  drive  game  for  the  royal  party  and  gives  his 
reason  for  his  opposition. 

The  faults  of  Charles  III,  though  they  may  seem 
great  in  a  man  v/ho  has  always  had  a  reputation  for  enlighten- 
ment, were  not  considered  as  such  by  his  people,  who  thought 
that  he  was  only  exercising  his  prerogative.    In  spite  of  the 
occasional  acts  of  injustice  due  to  personal  prejudice  there 
was  no  Spanish  ruler,  since  the  days  of  Isabella,  v/ho  had  won 
more  completely  the  affection  of  his  subjects  than  had  Charles 
III.   He  died  on  December  14,  1788,  his  death  having  been 
hastened  by  that  of  his  favorite  son,  Don  Gabriel.   The  grief 
of  the  Spanish  nation  was  profound  and  sincere  for  they  real- 
ized that  the  one  who  had  checked  her  downv/ard  course,  who  had 
turned  darkness  into  light  and  brought  cirder  out  of  chaos  had 
left  a  splendid  edifice  unfinished,  though  apparently  firmly 


1.  Coxe,  1st  ed . ,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  534. 

2.  Townsend,  Vol.  II,  p.  75. 


138 


founded.    Subsequent  events  served  to  undo  much  of  the  good 
wrought  by  Charles  III  ;  but  his  meinory  continues  to  be  revered 
as  the  great  regenerator  of  the  Spanish  nation. 


*; 


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